ON MUSEUMS IN RELATION TO EDUCATION. 269 



Functions 3 and 4 are the necessary preliminary to those which follow. 

 5. Publication of the results achieved and of guides to the contents of the 

 Miiseum. 



(a) By printed memoirs, catalogues, summary lists, and guide-books. 



(b) By the exhibition of specially selected series of specimens in an arrange- 



ment designed to bring out some definite information, and provided 

 with labels written for the same end. 



(c) By the loan of material to other Museums, exhibition galleries, schools, 



and similar institutions. 

 {(I) By lectures in or outside the Museum, in the galleries or in a lecture- 

 room, on the ordinary exhibited series, or on fcpecimens selected 

 ad hoc. 



Whereas (a) is largely connected with the function of research (3), this in 

 part, and sections {b), (c), (d) entirely, constitute the educational side of 

 Museum work. The greater the weight attached to this function, the greater 

 the need to realise that it must be based on those which precede. 



Though implicit in the above statement, certain points require emphasis 

 for our present purpose. 



The exhibition of all material is undesirable. 



Special material liable to loss or damage (e.g., from light) should be withheld 

 from exhibition. 



Access to exhibition cases by scholars is undesirable; if specimens are to 

 be handled they imust form part of a special teaching series. 



Loan collections for scholastic purposes should consist of easily replaceable 

 material. 



Museums in 1914. 



A. Establishment. — A fair idea of the general character of Museums as 

 they existed in 1914 was obtained by the issue of a lengthy questionnaire, to 

 which the authorities of one hundred and thirty-four Museums replied. Two of 

 these Museums were privately owned, twenty were the property of Institutions 

 or Societies, and nineteen belonged to Universities, Colleges, and the large 

 Public Schools. Ninety-two were municipally owned. The governing authori- 

 ties were even more diverse than the ownership, and it seems probable that 

 many Museums, though more or less public in character, will remain unaffected 

 by recent legislation. 



The replies to the questionnaire showed tliat Museums had arisen in various 

 fashion; possessed widely diverse governing bodies; and were supported in a 

 great variety of ways. Purpose was as diverse as origin and control. Those 

 owned by municipalities had, however, gradually moved towards a common 

 type and common standard, owing largely to the work of the Museums 

 Association. 



Governing authorities cJDnsist of elected Councils, Museum Committees, 

 Scientific Societies, Library Committees, Members of Town and Corporation 

 Councils, Boards of Directors, Subscribers, University Senates, &c. Sixty-four 

 were supported by Borough and District funds or by a Library rate, thirteen 

 had voluntary contributions, twenty-one had subscribers, eleven had invested 

 funds and donations, ten received admission fees, and two were supported by 

 Societies. Fourteen received funds from a University chest, a College, or a 

 School fund. 



Annual income varied from Gl. to 11,000Z., the greater number having an 

 income of less than 2,000?. Notwithstanding lack of income, most Museums 

 opened every day, and forty opened on Sundays. The value of the collections 

 in public Museums is probably beyond calculation, and the buildings themselves 

 represent a very large capital value. The following figures are indicative of 

 the actual position : Three Museums have buildings of a capital value of from 

 200,000?. to 300,000?. each, two from 100,000?. to 200.000?., nine from 

 50,000?. to 100,000?., and twelve from 10,000?. to 50,000?. The collections of 

 one Museum are valued at 320,000?. ; another, 250,000?. ; four at 100,000?. to 

 250,000?. 



The most widely represented sections of Museum work are : Zoology, 

 80 Museums; Oaolncv. 75; Archaeoloev and Antiquities, 60; Fine Arts, 40; 



