286 REPORTS ON THE STATE OP SCIENCE. — 1920. 



Two objects of the State : — 



(1) To produce worthy and contented citizens. Common interests of all who 

 are members of one Society, e.g. in obtaining the necessities of life, in 

 securing the safety of person and property, easy communication, and 

 opportunities of leisure and recreation. 



(2) To promote progress. The State can do for individual citizens something 

 which they cannot do for themselves. It can afford them means of know- 

 ledge and culture. It can encourage education, temperance, and civic and 

 patriotic devotion. It can offer opportunities for development and ele- 

 vation. True freedom lies not in self-assertion but in subordination to 

 the public good. Civilised man more truly free than a savage. 



The State, therefore, essential to human welfare. But as every organism in 

 its development becomes more complex, so a modern State with interests, it may 

 be, in all parts of the world is far more complex than the ancient State, even 

 when the ancient State had become an Empire. 



2. The History of Civilisation. 



Process of civilisation from East to West. 



Influence of Greece and Rome. 



Life and death of States. 



Characteristics or tests of civilisation. 



Man's command of Nature. 



Influence of discoveries and invention, such as printing press, steam engine, 



aeroplane, gunpowder. 

 Advance of civilisation, development of 



Science and its applications and inventions. 

 The great epochs of human progress marked by discoveries or inventions. 

 Comfort. Standard of living. Comparison of modes of living during the Roman 



Conquest, English Conquest, Medieval Period (the Barons, Monks, &c.), 



Elizabethan and Victorian Periods. 

 Interdependence of nations and countries — supply of wheat, wool, flax to 



England — coal, iron and manufactured goods from England. 

 Growth of corporate life — association in 



(a) The Feudal Structure. 



(b) Craft Guilds. 



(c) Trade Unions. 



(d) Co-operative Societies. 



(e) Friendly Societies. 



Knowledge. Ekiucation : its opportunity and responsibility. 

 Growth of Humanity, as in abolition of slavery, torture, &c. 



Treatment of women and children. 

 The greatest happiness of the greatest number. 

 International relations : interdependence. 

 True end of civilisation : — The welfare of humanity as a whole. 



3. Citizenship. 



Citizenship begins at home. 

 Home life and surroundings. 



Type case in poor district, 60 houses on each side in a typical .slum. 

 Type family, father, mother, seven children (eldest 15). 

 Type house, two bedrooms, small kitchen, parlour, only water supply a tap in 

 a yard. 

 Importance of the individual ; poverty no bar to success. 

 Importance of knowledge of individual capacity; loss of much splendid talent 



owing to wrong occupations being taken up. 

 Importance of individual joining some organisation with a definite object. 

 Good health a necessity for good citizenship. 



Relation of the citizen to the State. Whether the individual citizen exists for 

 the State, or the State for the individual citizen. 



