ON TRAINING IN CITIZENSHIP. 289 



Functions and duties of st<atutory and other Committees. 



(a) Municipal levies and expenditure — e.g. provision of Municipal baths, 



parks, trams, libraries, &c. 

 (6) Education. 



(c) Provision for Public Health, including the care of the insane, and 

 Housing. 



(d) Care for the destitute poor. Poor Law, almshouses, workhouses, casual 

 wards. 



(c) Maintenance of roads, streets, buildings, and land. 



(/) Police and justice. Licensing. 

 Gas, electricity, and water supplies. 



The danger that the best citizens will stand aloof from local administration. 

 All honour due to the men and women who often spend their lives without 



remuneration in the service of their cities and towns. 

 Municipal life as a training ground for political life. 

 Importance of dissociating municipal life as far as possible from political 



partisanship. 

 Use of local history. 



Description of the way in which a city or borough is governed. 

 Tendency to extend governmental power and interference. 



7. The Administration of Justice. 



The supremacy of law one main feature in civilisation; justice said to be a 



reflection of the Divine Nature. 

 The law of a country to be (1) clearly defined; (2) popularly known; (3) equally 



administered. 

 Distinction between civil and criminal law. 

 The presumption of innocence in an accused person. 

 Jurors — how appointed ; their powers and duties. 

 Classes of persons exempted from service on juries. 

 Defects of trial by jury. 

 Eights of individual citizens as guaranteed by laws ; above all, the Habeas Corpus 



Act and the Bill of Eights. 

 Equality of all citizens before the law. 

 Eights of women as well as of men. 

 Incorruptibility of judges not established without difficulty, but now an assured 



fact of public life in Great Britain. 

 How laws are enacted and how law is gradually developed so as to become 



applicable to changing conditions. 

 Sir H. Maine on law. 

 Value of assizes. 



Law to be made cheap and easy, but not so as to facilitate vexatious litigation. 

 Tendency to substitute judicial arbitration for trials by law. 



8. The Police and Public Safety. 



Civilised society differs from barbarous society by the maintenance of law 



and order. 

 All citizens entitled to perform their daily avocations in peace and .<;afety. 

 Dangerous state of the roads, even so late as the beginning of the nineteenth 

 ° century. Highwaymen on the outskirts of London. Num?rous robberies 



and robberies with violence. Popular sympathy often on the side of the 



highwaymen as being supposed to be friends of the poor and enemies of 



the rich. 

 Inefficiency of the police down to 1820. 

 The police force as then instituted by Sir Eobert Peel. 

 Difference between it and its predecessors (among these were the watchmen 



known as 'Charlies'). 

 Occasions of appointing special constables. 

 The Eiot Act. Power belonging to local authorities in grave emergency, xhe 



Peterloo massacre. 

 Training of the police. Their functions and powers. Women police. 

 Eelation between the police and other citizens. 



1920 " 



