292 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE. — 1920. 



12. National Defence. 



The experience of the Great War. 



No nation safe against unscrupulous aggression unless it is able to defend 



itself. 

 So great is the debt of every citizen to the State that every citizen may be 



justly called on in time of need to defend the State 

 The object of statesmen to be that all citizens should defend the State not 



compulsorily but voluntarily. 

 Loyalty of Colonies in War. 

 Sea-power not in the future as in the past the determining factor of national 



life. Subma,rine vessels and torpedoes. 

 Great Britain no longer an Island. All its past history influenced by its 



isolation. 

 Recent and rapid development of aviation. Command of the air even more 



important than command of the sea. 

 No nation secure so long as the nations of the world watch each other with 



jealous, unscrupulous eyes. 

 The League of Nations. Attempt to introduce into public affairs the moral 



standard of private life and to bring the general sentiment of humanity 



into play against any one aggressive Power. 

 Information respecting the armed forces of the Crown. 



No Monarch or Government to make war without the consent of the people. 

 Balance of power to yield place to the law of right, as defined by the majority 



(presupposing general broad-mindedness and reasoning power). 

 The process of general disarmament. The nation to be strong, but solely for 



defensive purposes. 

 Problems of national defence to be regularly considered by a committee on 



Public Safety. 



13. The British Empire. 



The history of the Empire, its creation, the work of the Elizabethan mariners, 



their names and exploits. 

 Stages in growth of the Empire. 



(a) Foundation — American colonies in Stuart period. East India Company, 



1600. 

 (6) The great quarrel — Loss of American colonies in eighteenth century; 

 acquisition of Canada, India, and Australia; end of eighteenth century — 

 acquisition of South Africa. 



(c) Modification in relation of colonies to home country; at first valued 

 mainly as contributing to welfare of home country, and governed from 

 home; gradual grant of self-government (Durham report, 1840, &c.) ; 

 federation of colonies (Canada, 1867, &c.). 



(d) Twentieth-century development in organic connection between colonies 

 and home country, or, in a simpler way, 



(1) That of Elizabeth. 



(2) That of Cromwell. 



(3) That of George the Third (really Chatham's). 



(4) That of Victoria. 



The Crown in relation to the Empire. 



History of the Indian Empire. 



Present extent of the Empire. Its varieties of peoples and national resources. 



Value of travellina; over the Empire. 



Children in the schools to learn the dignity of the Empire by the study of 

 the Union Jack, by the observance of Empire Day, and by the biographies 

 of the men who founded and extended the Empire. 



The British Empire is the greatest human institution under Heaven, the greatest 

 secular organisation for good. 



Principles of the Empire which must never be forgotten or abandoned : 

 (a) Justice, respect of native races for British judicial integrity. (6) Good 

 faith, honesty in trade ; Honesty the best policy, but honesty not to be 

 practised because it is the best policy. The word of an Englishman. 



