ON TRAlKESTG IN CITIZENSHIP. 295 



History of the Alabama Case. 



Mr. Gladstone's attempt to substitute arbitration for war. 



Geneva Convention. Hague Conferences. Behaviour of the Powers, especially 



Germany. 

 Diplomacy. Sir H. Wotton's definition of an Ambassador. 

 President Wilson's plea for open diplomacy. 

 The Balance of Power a rude attempt to stave off war by equalising the forces 



of combatant or rival nations. 

 The League of Nations an attempt to bring the moral senses of civilised humanity 



to bear upon one offending nation. 

 Appeal of Chili and Argentina to Queen Victoria for arbitration. 

 Statue in memorj' of the arbitration. 

 Owing to facility of intercommunication the world becoming one family. 



18. The Press. 



History of the Press. Its importance in the present day. 



Nations no longer hearing but reading nations ; hence the decay of the pulpit, 



and even the platform, in point of influence, but increase in the power 



of the Press. 

 The Press most powerful in a society in which men and women have learnt 



to read but not to set a just value upon the news which they read. 

 Newspapers play the most distinctive role in the enlargement of human nature — 



a potent weapon in the creating of public opinion, replacing chatter and 



gossip of earlier periods. 

 Advertisements as a means of success. 

 False credit given to vendors of patent medicines or tipsters in respect of 



horse-racing. 

 Remedy lies in better education. 

 Responsibility of the Press. Possible misuses of its influence. One danger 



lies in the control of an individual over many newspapers. 

 Importance of the law against slander or libel. The question whether the 



publication of false news should not be punishable. 

 Danger of sensationalism. 



Incorruptibility an honourable feature of the Press in Great Britain. 

 Contrast subsidised newspapers in foreign countries, most of all in Germany. 

 Purity and decency another honourable feature. 



Freedom of the Press essential to constitutional liberty. Prynne and Cobbett 

 Help given by the Press in the detection of crime. 

 Check to be imposed on reports of divorce and murder cases, as of certain other 



cases. 

 Training for a journalistic career. 



19. Housing. 



The homes of the people the sources and centres of virtue. 



Difficulty of the housing problem. Value of space in slums of great cities. 

 Statistics relating to occupants of single rooms. Morality almost impos- 

 sible where persons of all ages and both sexes are herded together. 



Cellar dwellings nearly extinct. Need of houses never greater than to-day. 



The question of housing both physical and moral. 



Importance of light, space, and sanitation. 



Municipal authorities now invested with requisite powers. Duty of voters to 

 see that these powers are exercised. 



Sanitary inspection essential. Owners of insanitary property not to escape 

 responsibility. 



Rivalry of the home and the public-house. 



The best counter-attraction to the public-house lies in good private houses. 



Infantile mortality the result of drinking and of bad housing. 



Good lighting efficient as a means of lessening crime. 



Advantage of Garden Cities constructed on scientific principles, e.g. Bouin- 

 ville, Port Sunlight. 



