F.— ECONOMICS. 131 



women (i ami i,'), or one common rate (i"), Prof. Henry Clay well 

 says : ' While the second system (of which the one first named here 

 may be considered a species) is theoretically more economical, I do 

 not think it is practicable. Except where a district list of straight piece- 

 rates is possible, varying earnings are a cause of discontent and friction. 

 Varying rates, whether time or piece, ai'e difficult to establish, because 

 productivity is difficult to measure. ... A single rate ... is the 

 only safe policy to pursue ' ; ' it is probably cheaper to face the dis- 

 advantages of the single-rate system ' ([Cmd. 167], p. 178, col. 2). 

 Cp. Mrs. Sidney Webb [Cmd. 135], p. 280. 



14 {ter). The student may be advised to illustrate the working of 

 the different systems diagrammatically. The following hints may be 

 serviceable. Eepresent the number of employees in an occupation in 

 which only men or only women are employed by a segment of the 

 abscissa, and draw an ordinate representing the normal weekly wage 

 for an individual in that occupation. In the case of an occupation in 

 which both sexes are employed the segment may be divided into two 

 parts; the right representing the number of men, the left the number 

 of women. The ordinate on the right would generally be higher than 

 the one on the left. The rates might be represented by perpendiculars 

 to the abscissa measured downwards. The effect of substituting for 

 the rate which would be best in the absence of secondary differences, 

 either a system of two rates, 1 and 1', or a single rate 1" (<1), would 

 be made visible. 



15, par. 1. On the payment of school-teachers, Mi's. Sidney Webb, 

 in the course of her interesting articles on the' right O'f the woman to 

 free entry into all occupations, in the Neiv Statesman (July-August 

 1914), states that ' educationists think there are already too few men 

 on the teacliing staff.' In tliis connection it is well said by Mrs. 

 Webb : ' Sex, like youth or middle age, is a peculiar characteristic 

 which sometimes qualifies and sometimes disqualifies persons for par- 

 ticular tasks.' 



19, par. 1. It is suggested that the proposed allowances would not 

 abolish the difference of mentality which is thus well expressed by 

 Professor Henry Clay: 'Men's wages are higher than women's, 

 because, having as a rule dependants to maintain, men will stand out 

 for higher wages ; the social custom so established imposes itself on 

 the considerable minority of men who have no dependants.' ' Women, 

 having in the majority of cases only themselves to support, will not 

 stand out for a family wage ; a social custom is established in this case 

 also ' (' Eeport on Women in Industry ' [Cmd. 167] , p. 179, col. 1). 

 This force of habit, surviving after the cause which engendered it may 

 have been removed, no doubt weakens — though it does not, I think, 

 remove — the objection stated below under the head iii. 



19, par. 1 {his). See Pigou, 'Wealth and Welfare,' pp. 88-89, 

 321 et seq; and 'Economics of Welfare,' Book V., ch. iii., s. 8 — 

 where reference is made to the present writer's statement of the pro- 

 position as ai postulate implied in the theory of free trade. 



21, pars. 5 and 6. The ohjection rmmbered iv. would not be applic- 

 able to Professor Karl Pearson's scheme of endowment, according to 



