154 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 



speaking, anthropological. On the other haud, in so far as psychology 

 enables us to trace the development of the human mind from that of 

 the animal, and in so far, too, as it can interpret the causes which 

 have led to the various forms of human activity which meet us in 

 different times and different places, so far is it a branch of our science. 

 If, too, it can help us to ascertain whether certain fundamental mental 

 traits, due perhaps to a long-continued environment in the far past, 

 are normally associated with certain physical types, psychology will 

 provide anthropologists with a means of interpreting many of the 

 phenomena which they have noted but cannot fully explain. Much, 

 therefore, which is included in the studies of anatomy and psychology 

 may justly be included within the scope of anthropological studies. 



The works of man are so numerous and varied that it is by no 

 means an easy task to classify them. We may, however, first dis- 

 tinguish the work of man's hands, his material culture, from his other 

 activities. Under this heading we should include his tools, weapons, 

 pottery, and textiles ; his dwellings, tombs, and temples ; his archi- 

 tecture and his art. Nor need we confine our attention to their primi- 

 tive stages alone, for as anthropologists we are concerned with their 

 evolution from the simplest to the most complex. 



Next, we have the problems concerned with language, which we 

 may consider as dealing with the means whereby men hold intercourse 

 with one another and communicate their wishes and ideas. Tlais head- 

 ing might well include gesture at the one end and writing at the other, 

 for gesture, language, and writing all subserve the same end. Hitherto 

 anthropologists have confined their attention too exclusively to the 

 tongues of backward tribes, and left the speech of more advanced peoples 

 to the philologists. I would plead, however, that language is such an 

 essential element in human culture that comparative philologists might 

 well consider themselves as anthropologists, and their studies as an 

 important part of our science. 



Lastly, we have social organisation and all that may be included 

 under the terms 'customs ' and ' institutions '; a varied gi'oup, leading 

 on the one hand to the study of law, and on the other to that of compara- 

 tive religion. Here, again, we come in contact with other studies — 

 those of the lawyer, political economist, and theologian; but though 

 the anthropologist is to some extent studying the same series of facts, 

 his range is wider and his outlook more dynamic. 



Thus it will be seen that in the three divisions of men's work, 

 as well as in the two aspects of man himself, the anthropologist finds 

 other workers in the field. But whereas these other sciences are con- 

 cerned only with some part of man and his works, and limited fre- 

 quently tO' recent times and civilised comnumities, it is the province 

 of the anthropologist to review them as a whole, in all times and in all 

 places, and to trace their evolution from the simplest to the most 

 complex. 



If we accept the views of the Historical School, anthropology becomes 

 a new method of treating historical material. It is, in fact, the history 

 of man and his civilisation, drawn not so much from written docu- 

 ments as from actual remains, whether of material objects or of customs 



