D.—ZOOLOGY. 85 
yary, they are selected, and evolve like other characters. The distine- 
tion so often drawn by psychologists between instinctive behaviour said 
to be inherited and intelligent behaviour said to be acquired is as 
misleading and as little justified in this case as in that of structural 
characters. Time will not allow me to develop this point of view, but 
1 will only mention that instinctive behaviour is carried out by a 
‘mechanism developed under the influence of stimuli, chietly internal, 
which are constantly present in the normal environmental conditions, 
while intelligent behaviour depends on responses called forth by stimuli 
which may or may not be present. Hence, the former is, but the latter 
may or may not be inherited. As in other cases, the distinction lies in 
the factors and conditions which produce the results. Instinctive and 
intelligent behaviour are usually, perhaps always, combined, and one 
is not more primitive or lower than the other. 
It would be a mistake to think that these problems concerning 
‘factors and environment, heredity and evolution, are merely matters of 
academic interest. Knowledge is power, and in the long run it is 
always the most abstruse researches that yield the most practical 
results. Already, in the effort to keep up and increase our supply of 
food, in the constant fight against disease, in education, and in the pro- 
- gress of civilisation generally, we are beginning to appreciate the value 
of knowledge pursued for its own sake.- Could we acquire the power to 
control and alter at will the factors of inheritance in domesticated 
animals and plants, and even in man himself, such vast results might 
be achieved that the past triumphs of the science would fade into 
insignificance. 
Zoology is not merely a descriptive and observational science, it is 
also an experimental science. For its proper study and the practical 
- training of students and teachers alike, well-equipped modern labora- 
tories are necessary. Moreover, if there is to be a useful and progressive 
school contributing to the advance of the science, ample means must be 
given for research in all its branches. Life doubtless arose in the sea, 
and in the attempt to solve most of the great problems of biology the 
greatest advances have generally been made by the study of the lower 
marine organisms. It would be a thousand pities, therefore, if Edin- 
burgh did not avail itself of its fortunate position to offer to the student 
opportunities for the practical study of marine zoology. 
In his autobiography, Darwin complains of the lack of facilities for 
practical work—the same need is felt at the present time. He would 
doubtless have been gratified to see the provision made since his day 
‘and the excellent use to which it has been put; but what seems adequate 
to one generation becomes insufficient for the next. We earnestly hope 
that any appeal that may be made for funds to improve this Department 
‘of Zoology may meet with the generous response it certainly deserves. 
