92 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 
geographical science should have more than a small share of the 
compulsory curriculum. Only, that it have some share. If this is 
assured, then its applications, which on account of their highly 
educative influence deserve an equally compulsory but larger place 
in the curriculum, can be used to full advantage. The meaning and 
value of the geographical ingredient in mixed studies will stand good 
chance of being understood, and of exciting the lively interest of 
young students. In any case, only so will the Universities be likely 
to receive year by year students sufficiently grounded to make good 
use of higher geographical courses, and well enough disposed to 
Geography to pursue it as a higher study, and become in their turn 
competent teachers. 
The obligation upon the Universities is the same in kind, but 
qualitatively greater. They have to provide not only the highest 
teaching, both in the pure science and its applications, but also such 
encouragements as will induce students of capacity to devote their 
period of residence to this subject. The first part of this obligatory 
provision has been recognised and met in varying degrees by nearly all 
British Universities during the past quarter of a century. A valuable 
report compiled recently by that veteran champion, Sir John Keltie, 
shows that, in regard to Geography, endowment of professorial chairs, 
allocations of stipends to Readers, Lecturers, and Tutors, supply of 
apparatus for research and instruction and organisation of ‘ Honour ’ 
examinations, have made remarkable progress in our University world 
as a whole. But no single British University has yet provided all 
that is requisite or desired. Oxford and Cambridge, which have well- 
equipped geographical laboratories, still lack professorial chairs. Liver- 
pool, maintaining a_ well-staffed Department of Geography, and 
London, which, between University College and the School of 
Economics, provides all the staff and apparatus required for teaching, 
have endowed Chairs; but they direct the attention of the holders to 
applications of Geography rather than to the pure Science. So do also 
the University of Manchester and the University College of Wales, 
both of which maintain geographical Professors. 
All the Universities, with but one or two exceptions, examine in 
the subject to a high standard, that set by Cambridge being perhaps 
the highest over the whole field of properly geographical study. This 
latter University, also, alone (if I am not mistaken), has met the second 
part of her obligation to Geography by the organisation of an Honours 
course of instruction and classified examination, which, if pursued 
throughout a student’s residence, is sufficient in itself to secure 
graduation. At Cambridge, therefore, Geography may be said to stand 
on a par with any other self-contained Final Subject. Neither in 
London nor in Manchester (I am not quite sure about Liverpool, but 
believe its case to be the same) is Geography, in and by itself, all 
sufficient yet to secure graduation, though at each of these Universities 
it counts strongly in the Baccalaureate Honours course. Oxford offers 
distinctly less encouragement at present than any of the Universities just 
mentioned. Her teaching and her examination standard are as 
advanced as the best of theirs. and the highest award which she 
