J.— PSYCHOLOGY. 1538 
We should distinguish, then, a ‘ there of place,’ within the inclusive 
_ situation, and a ‘ there of place ’ within the thing included in that situa- 
- tion. But when the dog rose from the mat and walked to the window, 
the influence of the sunlit patch which took effect on his eyes was the 
basis (founded on prior behaviour) of reference to place near the window. 
That is where he saw it; it is towards that spot that his procedure 
was directed. Now, on this occasion, reference to place within the 
situation, and behaviour in reaching that place, were happily consonant. 
There was nothing of the nature of illusion. But when one of his 
predecessors in my household barked at his mirror-image, the place of 
reference for behaviour was not consonant with what sophisticated 
human folk call the ‘ real place ’ of that thing towards which he behaved. 
The conditions were abnormal; and ‘ place of reference’ did. not coincide 
with “real place.’ So, too, if you see a pike below the surface in a 
_ still pool, and try to shoot him with a saloon rifle, you will probably 
_ miss him (unless you have learnt the trick) because the place of refer- 
ence for behaviour in aiming is not the place where he happens to be. 
' Coincidence of place of reference with ‘real,’ or acknowledged, place 
can only be established through the outcome of behaviour, crude at first, 
intellectually guided at last. If this behaviour works, well and good 
in the realm of practice ; but it may work admirably, and yet not stand 
the test of validity in the realm of interpretation which includes the 
_ problem of cognition. In any case we have to distinguish (c) the ‘ there 
of reference’ from the ‘there of place’ (a) in the situation and (b) in 
‘the thing. The ‘ where’ to which the colour of the ruby, and to which 
its beauty also, is referred, is unquestionably ‘there’ in the gem; the 
_ conditions for colour-perception are undoubtedly ‘ there’ in the cognitive 
situation as a whole; but the chemical changes due to electro-magnetic 
“influence are ‘ there’ in the retino-cerebral system of the organism. 
_ And it is in correlation with these changes which run their course 
within the organism that the quality of consciousness is emergent. 
___ Does it follow from what has been said that ‘ the place of conscious- 
‘hess ’ is in some differentiated part of the organism—say in the cortex 
of the brain? Again the question is ambiguous. In what sense has it 
‘place there? Certain focal events in what one may call the intra- 
organic situation have place there; and in that sense conscious enjoy- 
‘ment is the correlate of physiological changes that may there be 
localised. It is dependent on these changes, and in their absence would 
“not be present or in being. But it is no less dependent on all that takes 
place in the intra-organic situation. Hence in the wider sense nothing 
less than the whole organism as a going concern is the seat of the 
‘enjoyment which is correlated with its total working as a vitally 
‘integrated system. 
>. & 
Consciousness as Objective. 
It will now, I hope, be sufficiently clear that when I say that con- 
Sciousness dwells and has its being in the organism, and there only, 
my meaning is that any given instance of the class of events we call 
conscious (in a comprehensive sense of the word) is correlated with 
éertain vital and physical events which have place in that organism. 
1921 N 
