E.— GEOGRAPHY. 129 
manently occupying land near the overcrowded parts of Asia or accessible 
to the fast multiplying Negroes of Africa. White merchants may find in 
these regions profitable trading centres and may for a time rule and ad- 
minister them; but when white enterprise has subdued the land, built 
railways and utilized the rivers, the coloured man will oust the white from 
all but the few posts that require experts. 
IV. Inter-racial Relations. 
The relations of the white and coloured races living in the same land 
may be settled on any one of four lines—amalgamation by miscegenation ; 
co-residence without fusion, and with complete social separation; the 
disfranchisement of the coloured population as State wards ; or the segre- 
_ gation of the different races in separate countries or communities. 
1. (a) Racial Fusion—Amalgamation by complete racial fusion is often 
recommended as being either inevitable or desirable, or both. That plan 
is recommended by the improvements in stock and plants wrought by 
judicious interbreeding, and mankind may be expected to benefit by the 
same process. The great modern nations are of mixed origin, and their 
efficiency is doubtless due to the varied capacities inherited from their 
miscellaneous ancestors. Accordingly many authorities, such as Lord 
Olivier, anticipate the settlement of serious difficulties and the betterment 
_ of the human race by inter-racial fusion. Lord Olivier claims that mixed 
races are superior to those of simpler constitution. ‘So far, then,’ he 
_ says, ‘ as there survives in a mixed race the racial body of each of its parents, 
so far it is a superior human being, or rather, I would say, potentially a 
“more competent vehicle of humanity’ (‘ White Capital and Coloured 
Labour,’ 1906, p. 22). H. G. Wells regards inter-racial prejudices as one 
_of the worst of existing influences. ‘I am convinced myself that there 
‘is no more evil thing in this present world than Race Prejudice ; none at 
all, I write deliberately—it is the worst single thing in life now. It justifies 
_ and holds together more baseness, cruelty and abomination than any other 
_ sort of error in the world.’ Its strength he considers renders it impossible 
for two races to live separately and in amity side by side. ‘ Racial differ- 
ences,’ he declared in an earlier statement,‘ seem to me always to exasperate 
intercourse unless people have been elaborately trained to ignore them. 
_ Uneducated men are as bad as cattle in persecuting all that is different 
_ among themselves. The most miserable and disorderly countries of the 
_ world are the countries where two races, two inadequate cultures, keep a 
_ jarring, continuous separation’ (‘The Future in America,’ 1906, p. 273). 
The benefits of interbreeding, according to many authorities, are limited 
to parentage nearly akin, though in such cases the advantages are well 
_ marked, as exemplified in Canada. Intermarriage in mankind, it is urged, 
_ should be restricted to nearly related people. Herbert Spencer, in a famous 
letter that was not published until after his death, declared that the inter- 
breeding of widely different types produces weak inferior offspring, with 
‘a chaotic constitution.’ This view has been supported by modern 
students of Eugenics. Major Leonard Darwin, in a letter to the members 
of the recent Imperial Conference (1923), urged that ‘ theoretical reasons 
ean be adduced for believing that interbreeding between widely divergent 
races may result in the production of types inferior to both parent stocks ; 
1924 K 
