130 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 
and that this would be the result of miscegenation is at all events a common 
belief.” Dr. J. A. Mjoen—who, according to Major Darwin, has made a 
long study of these questions and is ‘ an authority well worth considering ’"— 
after detailed study of the Mongolian-Caucasian hybrids in Norway, reports 
that the children of these Lapp-Norwegian unions are inferior physically 
and mentally. He concludes from his investigations that ‘ crossings 
between widely different races can lower the physical and mental level.’ 
He urges ‘ Until we have more definite knowledge in the effects of race- 
crossings it will certainly be best to avoid crossings between widely different 
races ’ (‘ Hugenics Review,’ 1922, vol. xiv, p. 39). 
Professor Lundborg, of the Upsala Institution for the Study of Race 
Biology, has adopted the same conclusion. He deplores ‘hasty race- 
mixture between nations who, from a race-biological point of view, stand 
too far apart.’ He declares that ‘a mixture between nations who, from 
a race-biological point of view, stand high and others containing lower 
race-elements, such as gipsies, Galicians, certain Russian tribes, etc., 
is certainly to be condemned.’ Lord Bryce has twice asserted the same 
conclusion. According to this view mongrels (the offspring of different 
varieties) should be better than at least one of the parents, while hybrids 
(the offspring of different species or primary divisions of mankind) are 
necessarily inferior to both parents. 
This doctrine cannot be regarded as established, but the strong intellec- 
tual aversion to such unions among the Teutonic people will doubtless 
prevent the adoption of race amalgamation between the Negro and the 
Whites in North America or of northern Europe. Opinion against this 
policy is hardening in the one country, the United States, where it might 
be expected to find most support. There, intermarriage between Whites 
and Negroes is illegal in most of the States, and opinion is against it on 
both sides, except in so far as it is welcomed by one section of Negroes 
who would tolerate it to overthrow the social restrictions imposed upon 
them. 
1 (b) Racial Fusion in South America.—The system of Race Fusion has 
been followed in tropical South America, which is occupied mainly by a 
hybrid people. The intermarriage of Spaniards and Portuguese with 
Indians and Negroes has proceeded to such an extent that only a small 
uncertain proportion of the inhabitants are of pure European descent. 
The population of tropical South America is a mixed race with the exception 
of small clans in some of the cities of Ecuador and northern Peru. In 
most of South America there is said to be no more prejudice against 
the mixture of races in marriage than there is in Europe against that 
between different social classes. The limitation of marriage in South 
America is by class not by colour. 
‘ Everything’ in South America, said Bryce (‘South America,’ 1912, 
p- 565), “ points to a continuance of the process of race mixture.’ “ Misce- 
genation,’ says Garcia Calderon (‘Latin America,’ 1913, p. 356), ‘is universal 
in South America between Iberian, Indian and African.’ ‘A single 
half-caste race,’ he says (zbid., p. 338), ‘ with here the Negro and there the 
Indian predominant over the conquering Spaniard, obtains from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific’ and from Mexico to Patagonia. The predominance 
of the white race may be maintained in the southern parts, but most of 
South America seems destined to be the home of a hybrid Indo-Negro- 
