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E.—GEOGRAPHY. 131 
Iberian race. South America illustrates the results of miscegenation on 
a continental scale. 
2 (a) Co-resident Distinctness—The second available inter-racial 
development is by co-residence with the maintenance of racial distinctness. 
The greatest experiment with this policy is in progress in the United States. 
It is recommended there by leaders of both White and Negro opinion as 
the only solution of the inter-racial difficulties. Its most effective champion 
was the late Booker Washington, who is generally regarded as the greatest 
Negro whom America has yet produced. This policy aims at the associa- 
tion of the two races in work, but their complete social separation. Accord- 
ing to Booker Washington’s famous analogy the two races should be 
separated in life as completely as the fingers, but as fully united in work 
asthe hand. This idea attracted support from various sides, as it offered 
a practical basis for development, and involved the renunciation by the 
Negro, at least for a time, of his claims for political and civil equality. 
This policy is dependent on the better education of the Negro. Booker 
Washington, amongst his other titles to fame, was a pioneer in agricultural 
education ; and his institution at Tuskegee has undoubtedly done much to 
raise the status of the American Negroes. He has, however, been violently 
condemned by many of his compatriots, owing to his asserted surrender 
of their claims. According to these critics the advance of this policy has 
been attended by the lowering of the civil and political status of the Negro, 
and the intensification of inter-racial feelings by raising the jealousy of the 
southern Whites at his improved educational and financial position. 
The possibility of long continued associated distinctness by two inter- 
mingled races is contradicted, according to some authorities, by historic 
experience. Lord Bryce states that ‘whoever examines the records of 
the past will find that the continued juxtaposition of two races has always 
been followed either by the disappearance of the weaker or by the inter- 
mixture of the two’ (‘The American Commonwealth,’ 1911, vol. ii, 
p. 532). Professor Kelly Miller, of the Howard University, Washington, 
expresses his conviction “that two races cannot live indefinitely side by 
side, under the same general régime, without ultimately fusing.’ A. B. 
Hart, Professor of History at Harvard University, is more hopeful, and 
he cites the long continued co-existence of Hindu and Muslim in India, 
of Boers and Kaffirs in South Africa, and of English and Indians in North 
America ; but these cases give no more encouragement to the prospects 
of Negro-Caucasian association in America than do those of the Jews and 
Parsees. 
2(b) The Position in the United Stutes—Whether this policy is 
possible or not the testimony is overwhelming that the attempt to adopt 
it in the States has been attended by increasing tension and race bitterness, 
despite all the influences in its favour. 
Under the auspices of a Commission for Inter-racial Co-operation 800 
county inter-racial committees have been established. The two races 
have been uniting more often in educational and social work, both by 
informal association of neighbours, and by such organizations as the 
University Race Commission, the Southern Sociological Congress, the 
Rosenwald and Jeanes Foundations for the building of Negro Schools, 
the Phelps-Stokes Fund, the General Education Board and its Rockefeller 
Endowment, and by the munificent gifts of northern benefactors to 
K 2 
