E.— GEOGRAPHY. 133 
but would have no votes for the Federal or State Parliaments. A plan 
for treating permanently a seventh of the population as irresponsible 
helots would appear utterly inconsistent with the American Constitution, 
and impossible in modern conditions under any democratic constitution ; 
and the Negroes, and especially the “ Near Whites ’ who are predominantly 
white by blood, would regard the status proposed for them as anintolerable 
degradation. 
A second and still more drastic suggestion is the compulsory emigration 
of the whole Negro population to some such places as Hayti and Liberia. 
This solution was advocated by the distinguished American paleontologist, 
E. D. Cope, and it was favoured by Abraham Lincoln until he was persuaded 
that the whole of the North Atlantic shipping could not remove a sufficient 
number to keep up with the normal increase in the Negro population. 
The scheme has been often rejected as impossible on the grounds that the 
American Negroes are too numerous for transhipment, and that there is 
now no available room for them either in the West Indies or Africa. These 
difficulties would not be insuperable if the United States were determined 
to overcome them, and the Negroes were willing to go ; for any such migra- 
tion would obviously have to be spread through a considerable period 
and neither the cost nor lack of room for the emigrants would be beyond 
the power of so wealthy and resourceful a nation. But the project is not 
worth discussion here, as the political difficulties place it out of court. 
An alternative segregation policy is that of collecting all the Negroes 
into one territory or State within the United States. That scheme might 
have been practicable in 1865 at the close of the Civil War; but as the 
areas suitable for Negro settlement which were then available have been 
occupied, this proposal appears as much a counsel of despair as that of 
transplantation to Africa and Hayti. 
The only scheme of segregation within the sphere of practical politics 
is that for the assembly of the bulk of the Negroes in numerous scattered 
agricultural settlements where they would be withdrawn from close daily 
_ contact with the Whites, but would co-operate with the rest of their fellow- 
citizens in productive work. This agricultural ghetto policy would pro- 
bably lessen inter-racial friction ; but it would leave the Whites and Blacks 
in contact on so many surfaces that it might still lead to a slow process 
of fusion, and would not secure the permanent separation of the two 
races. The champion of this policy, Maurice Evans, indeed admits that 
it offers no final solution of the race problem in the United States. ‘ There 
is,’ he says,‘ no final solution possible, and the Negro will remain a problem 
for generations to come.’ 
3(b) The Probable Developments in the United States.—If, therefore, 
of the three constructive policies absorption is rejected as it would make 
the United States a nation of octoroons or decaroons, permanent distinct 
co-citizenship be impossible, and segregation be impracticable, what 
development is possible? No single measure that could be imposed 
on the country by the Legislature appears to be available, but some 
solution may be reached by a process of drift. It is for the geographer 
to search for the factors that are likely to guide this drift. 
One possible movement in the southern States is for much of the 
agricultural work to pass into the hands of immigrants from southern 
Europe, while the Negroes, through that restlessness which is the weakest 
