= 2 ae 
SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—D, E. 405 
The rarity of unmacerated foetuses of this large mammal is the justification for 
bringing the notice of it before this meeting of the Section, in the hope that 
anatomists will suggest problems that might be solved during the course of its 
dissection. 
The foetus is probably less than half term, for it is certainly younger than 
Toldt’s eleven-month Indian specimen. The determination of the age is based 
on development and not on measurements, which, owing to the curvature of the 
body and the difference in the species, are misleading. The characters of the 
Proboscidea, and of the African species in particular, are well marked, and 
external features throw little light on the evolution of either. 
The external anatomy, the histology of the skin and of the temporal gland, 
and certain foetal peculiarities such as the cushion and pit on the upper lip, are 
described and discussed. 
32. Prof. W. K. Grecory and Mr. M. Kettman.—The Dentition of 
Drycpithecus and the Origin of Man. 
Parts of three lower jaws of fossil anthropoids of the genus Dryopithecus 
have recently been discovered in the Siwaliks by Barnum Brown, of the 
American Museum of Natural History, New York. The fossils include a nearly 
complete fore-part of the jaw, and two left halves, with the cheek teeth beauti- 
fully preserved in both. They were found in three successive horizons of the 
Lower and Middle Siwaliks, and the series as a whole reveals a progressive 
modification of the premolars in the direction of the later anthropoids. The 
new specimens thus afford a welcome addition to knowledge of the Siwaliks 
anthropoids described some years ago by Pilgrim of the Indian Survey. The 
““Dryopithecus crown pattern ’’ of the lower molars is fully expressed in all 
the Siwaliks anthropoids, and has been traced, with detailed modifications, not 
only into the molar crown patterns of each of the existing anthropoids, but also 
into those of primitive human types. The anterior premolar of Dryopithecus 
is laterally compressed, but the homologous tooth in chimpanzees varies from a 
compressed form, recalling that of Dryopithecus, to an almost human, bicuspid 
stage. 
These facts, in the light of cumulative anatomical evidence for the relatively 
close relationship of man with the existing anthropoids, not only afford strong 
support for Darwin’s view that man is an offshoot from the anthropoid stem, 
but tend to indicate that the distinctively human modifications of the dentition 
took place after the Middle Miocene. 
SECTION E.—GEOGRAPHY. 
(For references to the publication elsewhere of communications entered in the 
following list of transactions, see page 466.) 
Thursday, August 7. 
1. Dr. Marion I. Newsicin.—The Training of the Geographer. 
Existing facilities for the training of professional geographers in the univer- 
‘sities and colleges of Great Britain, more especially from the standpoint of the 
needs of the future teacher. Opportunities for obtaining special qualifications 
in the subject are of very recent origin, and thus many of the limited number 
of appointments, whether professorships, readerships, or lectureships, in the 
higher institutions of learning are held by men who have approached geography 
by way of some other subject, and not directly. The bearings of this fact are 
discussed in some detail. A critical analysis is then made of the chief qualifica- 
tions open to the student, whether pass degrees, diplomas or honours degrees, 
and the ideal curriculum for the future teacher discussed, 
2. Mr. J. Bartuotomew, M.C.—Modern Developments in the Use 
and Construction of Maps. 
Recent factors affecting the use made of maps, political and scientific.—Flying 
maps.—Use of wireless.—Aerial and other new methods of surveying.—The vital 
