SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—G, H. 417 
low, only three dollars per thousand board feet of lumber, which included piling 
up on the river bank. 
The cost of erecting and centring was also low, namely, 25 dollars per 
_ thousand board feet of lumber, with carpenters at 90 cents per hour and 
labourers at 50 cents per hour. 
The design showed that it is economical to the bridge contractor to use small- 
size timbers, even for large centres, because they are easy to handle, have just 
as much salvage value as the larger sizes usually used, and are more readily 
adapted to smaller bridges, so that they can be used several times over and 
under any conditions. 
SECTION H.—ANTHROPOLOGY. 
(For references to the publication elsewhere of communications entered in the 
following list of transactions, see page 467.) 
Thursday, August 7. 
1, Dr. A. C. Happon, F.R.S.—A Suggested Arrangement of the 
Races of Man. 
The present communication is a suggestion for an arrangement of mankind 
based on certain physical characters, geographical distribution, and partially on 
relative antiquity. Existing well-marked races in many cases appear to be the 
latest expressions of divergent evolution, and we must admit that specialisation 
may occur at various levels of evolution. It is assumed that primitive man did 
not possess features that characterise the adult higher apes, and that in some of 
the ‘ lower’ races their simian resemblances are due to convergence. Thus it is 
surmised that there was an undifferentiated primitive human stock from which 
divergencies have continually arisen. If we place in a triple column the grada- 
tions of the form of the hair, pigmentation, and the breadth of the nose of 
_ dolichocephals we find that the ulotrichous darkly pigmented and very platyr- 
rhine peoples are to be found only to the south of the Himalayas and other 
ranges along that axis. The same applies to the curly-haired pre-Dravidians. 
_ We can, so to speak, ‘ draw off’ from the column at various levels stocks which 
_ have a gradual straightening of the hair, less pigmentation and narrower noses, 
till we come to the somewhat broadev-headed Nordics at the uppermost or 
_ northern end of the triple column. The brachycephals who developed in the 
_ highlands of Western Asia formed the ‘ Alpine’ varieties of leucoderms, while 
those who developed in the highlands of Eastern Asia were predominantly 
xanthodermic, and acquired other distinctive characters; from these two main 
groups practically all the brachycephals now found outside these areas can be 
derived. 
2. Mr. Cuartes Hitu-Tour.—New Trends in Anthropology. 
The author aims to show in this paper that our earlier conceptions of the 
skull characters of primitive man were founded upon misleading data. 
That instead of instituting comparisons of human skulls with those of mature 
anthropoids, the comparison should be made with those of immature apes, which 
j by the biogenetic law must represent more closely the ancestral type. / 
He further points out that a comparison of the skulls of young apes with 
those of the young Neanderthal man, and both with those of modern children, 
reveals this ancestral type, and shows that when the problem is approached in 
_ this way the conclusion is forced upon us, contrary to what has been generally 
_ held, that the anthropoids and not man have departed most from the ancestral 
_ type in respect of skull characters, man himself having retained very closely 
_ the skull-form of the ancestor common to both branches of the Primates; and 
_ that in Eoanthropus we see that ancestral form best typified. 
_ 3. Presidential Address by Dr. F. 0. Surussauu on Health and 
2 Physique through the Centuries. (Page 190.) 
1924 EE 
$ 
