SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—I. 425 
processes which also take up the fat particles, which are almost of ultra- 
microscopic size, and both proteins and fats are transferred through the pores 
of the basement membrane to the interior of each cell. Here the cytoplasm 
dissolves the proteins or enters into intimate relations with them, and they 
diffuse towards the base of the cell, where they are set free in a concentrated 
form with such amounts of the lipoids as are transferred there in a micellar 
condition. In this passage through the cell the proteins may lag behind the 
lipoids, and as a result one may find in certain of the cells, particularly in those 
at the sides of the tips of the villi, spherules of protein, of 3-4 » in diameter, free 
from lipoids, lying in cavities of the cytoplasm, which is, however, setting 
_ free proteins and lipoids at the basal end of the cell. 
The ‘ballooning’ of the epithelial covering of the villi and the great dis- 
tention of the lacteals indicate that in the transfer of the proteins and the 
_lipoids to the lacteals the epithelial cells and the cells of the underlying adenoid 
tissue work against a pressure which cannot be classified as osmotic pressure as 
generally understood. Probably the force known as intrinsic pressure plays a 
very important part in this transfer, but the phenomena involved recall those 
_which are manifested in the passage of hydrogen through palladium and platinum. 
This compels recasting of the conception of the osmotic forces concerned in the 
_ passage of solutes and colloids through membranes. 
: The interpretation of these results has a bearing on the transfer of proteins 
and lipoids from the blood to the tissues, and on the diffusion of these through 
and from the cells of the tissues. They also explain anaphylaxis of intestinal 
_ origin. 
3. Prof. W. B. Cannon and Dr. A. Qusripo.—The Réle of Adrenal 
Secretion in the Chemical Control of Body Temperature. 
Previous experiments have shown that injection of adrenalin and also increased 
adrenal secretion accelerate the oxidative processes in the body. Evidence has 
been obtained that adrenal secretion is increased when there is liability of lowered 
temperature by heat loss. When the same liability is presented to animals 
with intact, or, on the other hand, with inactivated adrenal glands, shivering is 
prominent in the latter and not in the former. When the liability is established 
for man the metabolism may be increased as much as 25 per cent. without 
shivering. The conclusion is drawn that the body has two lines of defence 
against cooling: (1) a true chemical calorigenic agent, first called into action, 
and (2) shivering. The evidence confirms the views of Voit and of Rubner, 
and offers an explanation for the chemical calorigenesis, apart from muscular 
movement, which they argued for. 
— 
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4 
; 
4, Prof. G. N. Stewart and Prof. J. M. Rocorr.—The Adrenals and 
Metabolism. 
_ The consequences of partial and complete adrenalectomy in different animal 
groups and of elimination of the medulla only will be compared. Possible effects 
of epinephrin discharged from the adrenals upon the metabolism, especially in 
connection with the alleged reciprocal relationship of the pancreas and the 
chromaphil tissue, wiil be discussed. Fallacies underlying the supposed marked 
diminution in the tolerance of adrenalectomised animals for certain poisons, 
particularly morphine, will be pointed out. 
| ; 5, Prof. A. T. Cameron, Dr. T. InavaupseEn, and Dr. J. CARMICHAEL. 
| —The Activity of Iodothyroglobulin and its Digest-Fractions as 
compared with Thyroid. 
The test used was the effect on young white rats, as regards decrease in 
-growth-rate and development cf organ-hypertrophy. Comparison was made 
‘Tigidly on rats of the same sex and litter, using desiccated thyroid as a control, 
and basing dosage on iodine content. Thyroglobulin showed not quite as much 
activity as thyroid. NaOH, pepsin, and trypsin digests were tested. The 
NaOH filtrate showed no activity, the remaining fractions (soluble and insoluble) 
showed activity of the same order as thyroid. (Di-iodo-tyrosine was jnactive.) 
b 
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