436 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—J. 
sex instinct ; hunting, as belonging to both, &c. On this basis, too, pugnacity 
need no longer occupy a special réle as in McDougall. 
Curiosity, fear, &c., are therefore termed secondary instincts, and others, 
such as acquisition, are derived instincts. No instinct should be considered 
either as primary or secondary unless it has a well-marked emotional attitude. 
5, Dr. J. Drever.—Psychological Theories of Laughter. 
A biological account of the function of laughter is not a psychological theory. 
For a psychological theory we require to know the psychological nature and 
relations of laughter. 
Primarily laughter would appear to be the expression of all joy emotions 
when they reach a certain degree of intensity. 
Jcy emotions may be evoked, and therefore laughter, by a sudden relaxation 
of ‘ tension.’ 
Emotion of al! kinds, and therefore laughter, may be evoked either directly, 
or sympathetically, or empathetically. 
6. Prof. A. P. Wertss.—One Set of Postulates for Behavioristic 
Psychology. 
7. Prof. F. Avetina.—The ‘ Self’ in Cognition: Intuition, Concept 
and Sensory Percept. 
Connection of psychology with philosophy and the physical sciences. The 
epistemic problem. The self as immediate object of awareness. The con- 
troversy between the ‘self ’-psychologists and their critics. Miss Calkins’s 
investigation of experimental evidence for immediate awareness of the self; 
brief exposition and criticism. Further introspective evidence from researches 
on conceptual and volitional processes. Intuition of the self distinguished from 
concept cf the seif, and from sensory percept. Citations from protocols. 
Objections to the thesis. Descriptions of the self. Consequences in psychological 
method. 
8. Prof. G. 8. Brerr.—The Value of Mnemic Psychology for the 
Interpretation of Dreams and other Phenomena. 
The object of this paper is to explain a number of observations on dreams 
and such states as reverie, stupor, astonishment. The terms used by Semon 
will be employed to explain in what sense the images which form the mental 
content can be called memories. The subject is divided according as the sense 
elements or the ideas are involved. In reference to the former it is held that 
the stimulus is the origin of a reaction which is conditioned by specific organic 
conditions defined as levels of vigilance. The ideational content is defined as 
a plan of action which is part of the total response, but becomes disintegrated or 
frustrated. The effort to reinstate total awareness and to act according to a 
plan is held to be the nucleus about which the other elements are grouped. 
From this can be derived a principle of analysis for the study of character. - 
The phenomena here discussed are not to be classed as abnormal, though they 
may be distinct from the experiences of the waking state. 
Friday, August 8. 
9. Joint Discussion with Section I on Physiological and Psycho- 
logical Factors of Muscular Efficiency in Industry. 
(a) Prof. E. P. Carucarr, C.B.E., F.R.S.—The Calculation of 
the Mechanical Efficiency of the Performance of Muscle Work. 
(b) Prof. EK. A. Borr.—Co-ordinate Volitional Action of Antago- 
nistic Muscular Groups. 
Problem.—The type cf movement produced by antagonistic muscle groups 
under experimental conscious control. 
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