SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—K. 451 
5. Development of policy and administrative methods in Canada since British 
Empire Forestry Conference, and discussion as to how far such development is 
in line with proper policy. 
6. Air operations : 
(a) Present status; (0) Future possibilities. 
7. Fire losses, 1923. 
(d) Prof. J; H. Fautu. 
of Eastern Canada. 
The key-note of forest pathology is protection from losses—whether as an 
aid to utilisation or to conservation. ‘In the actual practice of forestry pro- 
tection of the forest from its enemies is the first essential step’ (Ralph S. 
Hosmer, in recent address). A knowledge of the factors of disease is funda- 
mental; at the outset we are confronted in Eastern Canada with a multiplicity 
of diseases of which even the cause is unknown; this is revealed from studies 
on the diseases of white pine and the pulpwoods, some of the results of which 
are reviewed here. Throughout extensive areas of forest, mature or prematurely 
diseased following on injuries from fire or insect depredations, enormous quanti- 
ties of timber (in some stands in excess of 50 per cent.) are left unharvested 
as being unfit; attention is being given to the possibilities of the utilisation of 
such timber; reference is made to experiments now in progress which indicate 
the likelihood that such losses may be partly avoided. From the standpoint of 
conservation, attention is being given (1) to the life histories of fungal parasites 
—studies that have an important bearing on the subject of sanitation, and hence 
on the spread of disease and on fire control, and (2) to the ages at which the 
hosts become susceptible to the attacks of various diseases—studies which have 
an important bearing on the problem of sustained yield. 
(e) Mr. E. J. Zavrrz.—Forests and Forestry in Ontario. 
Of Ontario’s total land area of approximately 407,262 square miles, 240,000 
square miles may be classed as forest land. With a forest region so vast in 
area and running low in acreage yield, Ontario is confronted with a difficult 
problem in forest protection and administration. 
About one-third of the acreage of this forest is of merchantable character, 
the remaining being either inaccessible or composed of areas of young growth. 
Ontario is in a favourable position from the standpoint of the future develop- 
ment of forest policy, as the greater part of the forest area remains in the 
Crown, the timber-cutting rights only being leased. Of the forest area, approxi- 
mately 23,000 square miles is dedicated and set aside as parks and forest 
reserves, although no real forest management has as yet been introduced. 
Ontario’s forests provide annual revenue to the State of approximately 
$3,000,000. The annual value of Ontario’s forest products at the place of pro- 
duction totals something over $100,000,000, with an investment in mills and 
equipment amounting to over $200,000,000. 
Pathological Problems in the Forests 
19. Dr. C. L. Suear.—tife History and Taxonomic Problems im 
Botryospheria and Physalospora. 
Certain species of these two genera of Pyrenomycetes, which are of wide 
distribution and great economic importance, show great similarity in their 
ascogenous conditions; but in their life histories they show remarkable 
differences. 
Botryospheria, as represented by B. ribis Gross. and Dug. on various hosts, 
has perithecia of medium size, usually aggregated in stromata with ascospores 
averaging 16-20 x 6-8 microns, which produce short, branched germ tubes, 
usually two. There are two forms of pycnospores produced, macro- and micro- 
spores. These are frequently found in the same stroma and are sometimes 
mixed in the same pycnidium. The pycnidia are of the Dothiorella type. 
Physalospora, as represented by P. malorum (Berk), has larger perithecia, 
usually gregarious or in small stromata with ascospores very similar to those 
of Botryospheria, but larger, averaging 30-34 x 7-12 microns, and producing 
long, unbranched, usually single germ tubes. The pyenidial form is of thé 
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