E.—GEOGRAPHY. 183 
generations owing to biological causes. Our confidence in Western 
culture in general, and the British version of that culture in par- 
ticular, is based more upon the power of adaptation which it has shown 
in our hands since the Renaissance and the Era of Oceanic discovery 
than upon any system of which we can hand over a written prescrip- 
tion. It is only in our own national communities, mainly com- 
posed of British stock, with minorities nearly akin, that we can be 
confident that British ideals will develop typically in the way of natural 
evolution. Therefore in our own interests and in that of the coloured 
races (who conflict among themselves) it is desirable to maintain the 
present proportion of the British stock, to whom the Empire owes the 
just administration of law and a progressive physical science. 
The co-operation of the Union of South Africa in the Great War 
only became possible after the failure of an insurrection by part of the 
Boers. Since the number of persons of Dutch and British stock is 
about equal, an influx of British colonists is required in order to ensure 
unanimity between South Africa and the rest of the Empire. 
Passing to the ratios between British population and foreign nations, 
we have to note that the population of Australia stands to that of Japan 
as about one to ten. The Japanese are a patriotic as well as an 
advanced nation, and claim equality with the white nations from 
patriotic motives. It is evident, therefore, that a strong reinforcement 
of British population is needed to maintain the doctrine of a white 
Australia. For the same reason New Zealand also needs reinforcement, 
since Australasia is strategically one. 
The number and density of the population of Canada is exceeded 
in the proportion of about ten to one by the white population of the 
United States, hence it is inevitable that there should be a large 
flow of people from the latter country tothe Dominion. As it is essential 
to unanimity in the Empire that the Canadians should continue to be 
British in sentiment and not become pan-American, a large immigration 
from Great Britain is required in Canada. Moreover, the population 
of Continental Europe outnumbers that of Great Britain® in the propor- 
tion of something like ten to one, and as emigrants go to Canada from 
many European countries there is a further call for British immigrants 
to maintain the British character of the Dominion. 
We have next to note that the population of Great Britain, which 
is now forty-three million, outnumbers the combined population of 
Canada, Newfoundland. South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand in 
the proportion of two and a-half to one, and increases more rapidly than 
that of all these Dominions, more than three and a-half million being 
added in the decade 1901-11, in spite of an emigration which much 
exceeded the immigration. Thus the chief source available for the 
British peopling of the Dominions is the Metropolitan, not the Colonial, 
population. 
_ In 1891 the late Mr. G. Ravenstein calculated from the rate of 
increase of population the time which remained before the unoccupied 
lands of the world would be settled and developed in accordance with 
_ 7 In the present condition of home affairs in Ireland it seems best to leave 
its population out of the numerical reckoning for Imperial purposes. 
