J.—PSYCHOLOGY. 235 
instincts one by one—pugnacity, fear, curiosity, disgust, sex, tender- 
ness, gregariousness, and the like; and to ask in order with what 
intensity he has inherited each. In a study of juvenile crime I have 
endeavoured to show what an essential part the strength of the several 
instincts plays in determining the commoner forms of naughtiness and 
wrong behaviour in the young; in the elderly, and in the apparently 
virtuous, whether old or young, the same fundamental motives come 
more obscurely into play. 
How can they be assessed? Not easily in the artificial and well- 
disciplined atmosphere of school or classroom; but with fair success, 
at any rate for delinquent and neurotic children, under more natural 
conditions where behaviour is spontaneous, as at home, in the street, 
in the playground, and in places of amusement generally. ‘A man’s 
nature,’ says Bacon, ‘is best perceived in privateness, for there is no 
affectation ; in passion, for that putteth a man out of his precepts; and 
in a new case or experiment, for there custom leaveth him.’*” The 
most serviceable method is to seek for certain standard situations, parti- 
cularly those calculated to excite instinctive reactions; to observe the 
conduct of individual after individual; and so to gain by experience a 
notion of different grades of response. When relating to situations 
equally definite, the reports of parents, teachers, and the child himself 
provide suggestive supplements. 
8. General Emotionality. 
In a paper read some time ago before what was then the Psycho- 
logical Sub-Section of this Association, I endeavoured to show that, in 
a random group, all emotional tendencies appeared to be correlated one 
with another in much the same way as intellectual. The child most 
prone to sorrow is often exceptionally prone to joy. The coward who 
bullies the weak is often the first to quake and quail before the strong. 
Correlations of this nature suggest the existence of a second central 
factor underlying the instincts and emotions, analogous to, but inde- 
pendent of, the factor termed intelligence. I have termed it ‘ general 
emotionality.’ Those who manifest this inborn emotionality to an 
exceptional extent I call ‘unstable’; and the most extreme cases 
‘temperamentally deficient.’ And, in varying degrees, the existence 
of an unstable constitution is the chief characteristic feature of most 
delinquents and nearly all neurotics. 
It is my view that a classification of the separate instincts, which 
shall be ultimately valid and convincing, can be reached only by the 
method of multiple correlation, by first eliminating, that is to say, the 
influence of the central factor, and then observing what specific factors 
remain, connecting particular forms of behaviour one with another.?® 
If one makes a hierarchical table for the instincts and emotions, taken 
each as a unity, one seems to perceive the presence of a third set of 
factors—‘ group factors’ of an intermediate level. When the influence 
27 Wssays, Xxxviii., 128. 
28 Only in this way can the issue between McDougall and Thorndike—whether 
the specific innate tendencies to behaviour are roughly six, or more nearly sixty 
or six hundred—he satisfactorily solved. 
