236 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 
of the general facter has been eliminated, there emerge positive and 
negative correlations of a ‘partial’ order, which show that certain 
instincts tend to go more closely together than others. On the basis of 
such group-combinations we are led to distinguish certain broad 
emotional dispositions of at least two qualitatively differing kinds. On 
the one hand, the active or ‘ sthenic’ emotions—anger, assertiveness, 
curiosity, joy, and perhaps sex—appear specifically correlated; on the 
other hand, the passive or ‘ asthenic’ emotions—fear, submissiveness, 
disgust, sorrow, and perhaps gregariousness—seem in a similar way to 
be correlated with each other positively, but with the active or sthenic 
group negatively. Jung and his followers, working chiefly with 
abnormal ‘patients, have recently thrown out some very suggestive 
speculations upon so-called emotional types. Their chief division con- 
sists in a revival and expansion of an old dichotomy. What have 
formerly been described as ‘sensitive’ and ‘ excitable’ types, or 
“restrained ’ and ‘ unrestrained’ types, or ‘ subjective’ and ‘ objective ’ 
types, or latterly ‘ herbivorous’ and ‘ carnivorous’ types, are now re- 
named ‘ introverts ’ and ‘ extroverts.’ Once more, I believe the method 
of multiple correlation will afford the best way to confirm for the normal 
population these interesting deductions from pathology.” 
il. Acquired Emotional Characteristics. 
Besides reviewing the strength of the several instincts and emotions 
which a man inherits, we must also investigate the more complex 
emotional tendencies that he has, in the course of his life-history, pro- 
gressively acquired. These, according to the different angles from 
which they are regarded, and according to their own intrinsic nature, 
may be designated and sub-classified as habits, interests, sentiments, 
and complexes. We have, therefore, to inquire what habits each person 
has developed out of his instincts, what emotional attitudes he has 
unconsciously formed, what interests be has cultivated, and what ideals 
he has framed. These things are best ascertained through observation 
and interview. But the possibility of moral tests is already being 
investigated by the processes previously so successful in tests of intelli- 
gence. Attempts at measuring ethical discrimination, for example, 
have been made upon the following lines: a list of offences is drawn up, 
each described upon a separate card—breaking windows, scalding the 
cat, not going to church, stealing from a blind man’s hat, flirting with a 
stranger, committing suicide, killing a thief, and the like; the examinee 
has to arrange them in order of wickedness. The arrangements of 
delinquents differ considerably from those of law-abiding children.*® A 
29 T have no space to allude further to attempts to classify the basal psycho- 
pathic and neurotic types. I can only repeat that the trend of current work 
is to show that subnormalities in temperament and character, like subnormality 
in intellect, are extreme instances of milder deviations discoverable in the normal 
population. Useful references from the clinical standpoint are Wells, Mental 
Regression : Its Concepts and Types; Rosanoff, ‘ A Theory of Personality based 
on Psychological Experience, Psych. Bull., xyii., p. 281; and Paton, Human 
Behaviour. 
30 Fernald. Amer. J. Insanity, Ixviil., 547; Haines, Psychol. Rev. xxii., 303. 
