ON GEOGRAPHY TEACHING. 335 
as 73. Under the Central Welsh Board, in 1921, out of 3,319 candidates 
examined 2,851 offered geography as one of their subjects. 
Higher School Certificate. 
Great as are the differences in the position which geography occupies in the 
First or School Leaving Examination, it is still greater in the Higher School 
Examination. Indeed, the position is so varied that the Committee hopes the 
new Regulations of the Board of Education permitting it to be a main or 
principal subject will result in an immediate amendment of the regulations 
of some of the examining bodies. The regulations for Bristol, Cambridge, 
Durham, the Northern Universities Joint Board, Oxford and the Central Welsh 
Board allow geography to form one of the principal subjects in either a group 
of modern studies or a group of sciences. London has a group consisting of 
Geography, Economics and either the Economic Development of the Empire 
or Economic History. . The regulations of the Oxford and Cambridge Joint Board 
do not permit it to be taken as a principal subject in any group. The regula- 
tion (see Prefatory Note) which states that geography may be taken as a 
principal subject with history or a science indicates that examination regula- 
tions should be framed to allow the subject to be taken in either the ‘ Science’ 
group or the ‘Modern Studies’ group. 
As an ‘additional’ or ‘subsidiary’ subject to any group there is the utmost 
freedom in almost all cases, so that there is no need for any scholar to break 
the continuity of his geographical study between the ordinary four-year course 
and the University. 
The Training of Teachers of Geography. 
The staffing of schools for geographical studies has in the past presented many 
difficulties. Formerly it was often customary to use geography for the purpose 
of levelling up the teaching hours of the general staff, so that the subject was 
liable to be taken by teachers who had little interest in and less knowledge of 
it. Of recent years there has been a tendency to concentrate the work into the 
hands of teachers who have a special interest in geography, and have in many 
instances made remarkable advances both in their own studies and in the 
standard of schoo! work. 
The Summer Schools held by the Board of Education and by various Univer- 
sity authorities have been of special value in assisting those teachers who have 
taken up geography after entering on their teaching career. Many, too, have 
taken advantage of the Diploma in Geography of London and other Univer- 
sities or of the evening schools held in London for internal degrees in geography, 
so that their academic qualifications have been materially improved. 
The most important factor, however, both on the grounds of academic 
training and on account of the scale of salaries determined by the Burnham 
Committee, is the establishment of honours schools in geography at the Univer- 
sities. At present honours schools of geography have been established in the 
Faculty of Arts in the following Universities: Aberdeen, Aberystwyth, Cam- 
bridge (Tripos), Leeds, Liverpool, London (internal and external), and Man- 
chester. At Sheffield the honours school is in the Faculty of Science. The 
University Colleges of Nottingham, Reading, Southampton, Exeter, and 
Leicester prepare for the external honours degree of London. 
The above Universities in the majority of cases, together with Bristol and 
Glasgow, make provision for geographical studies, more or less extended, for the 
ordinary degrees of B.A. and B.Sc. Oxford has a diploma course which may be 
taken either as a graduate course, or as the equivalent of two of the three subjects 
required in the final examination for the ordinary B.A. degree, or as part of 
the preparation for other examinations such as those of the history school and 
the honours schools of philosophy, politics, and economics. The other Univer- 
sities make little or no provision at present for courses of study which may 
be regarded as adequate for those who desire to become teachers of geography. 
The courses of study in the various honours schools differ considerably in 
detail, though the main requirements are the same, the differences arising 
through the emphasis which is given to particular aspects of the subject, or 
to the character of the individual study which each school demands from its 
1923 AA 
