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ON GEOGRAPHY TEACHING. 343 
and the conditions determining it. The climatic characters of different regions 
of the earth. The influence of climate and soil on the distribution of the 
chief animal and vegetation types. 
Uhe Hydrosphere-—Vhe distribution and depths of the oceans and seas. 
The general contour of the ocean floor, and the methods of representing it on 
maps; comparison with the contour of the land. Composition of sea-water. 
Temperature of the oceans and enclosed seas. Movements of the sea; waves, 
currents, tides, and their causes. Tide charts. The courses of the main ocean 
currents. Marine deposits, terrigenous and pelagic; their character, distribu- 
tion and origin. Coral reefs and coral islands. 
The Lithosphere.—Land masses, their outline and shape. Character and 
origin of the principal types of islands. Mountains, valleys, plains, deserts ; 
watersheds; springs, rivers, lakes, glaciers, ice-sheets, icebergs. The changes 
produced on the land by rain, rivers, and other surface agents; by under- 
ground water; and by the sea. Coast-lines. Internal drainage areas and salt- 
Jakes. The characters and origin of the various deposits formed on land. ‘The 
nature and distribution of volcanoes; the principal types of volcanoes; fissure 
eruptions. Earthquakes; slow movements of the land. Evidence of elevation 
and depression. 
Map Work.—The method of construction (treated simply), and the conse- 
quent advantages for some purposes and disadvantages for other purposes, of 
the more important map projections. The methods of representing the relief 
of the land and the various topographical features on maps. ‘The making of 
a map of a small area. 
II. Tue Reeronat, Porirican anp Economic GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD. 
The major ‘ Natural Regions’ of the world. The geographical conditions 
which make it possible to divide the world into natural regions. Comparisons 
between regions. The distribution of the chief agricultural and mineral pro- 
ducts and of industries as controlled by physical conditions. The influence of 
geographical factors upon the organisation of commerce, the development of 
communications and transport, the great trade routes, the growth of towns 
and the distribution and density of population. The interaction of physical 
and human conditions with economic activities. Geographical factors affecting 
the development, unification, frontiers, and political relationships of States. 
A detailed knowledge of the whole world will not be required, but candi- 
dates will be expected to have paid particular attention to the British Isles 
and the more important parts of Europe and the British Empire. 
II. Tur Deraitep GroGRapHy or Two Sprcrat Recions. 
A. Hither the Mediterranean Region or the Monsoon Lands of Asia. 
In these lands of long history, in addition to the detailed regional treatment, 
the following points should receive special attention. The relations between 
geography and history. The modification of geographical values in the course 
of history. The geographical factors favourable and unfavourable to the early 
development of civilisation. Geographical conditions as favouring conquest 
or defence, determining routes of invasion, and affecting subsequent settlement. 
B. Hither the United States of America or Australia. 
In these lands of comparatively recent development under modern conditions, 
in addition to the detailed treatment the development of the region should be 
compared with that of the selected region of long history, and particular atten- 
tion should be given to the problems involved in its future development. 
Practican Work. 
Tt will be assumed in setting the papers that attention has been given to 
practical work along the following lines. 
I. Physical Geography.—Observations of temperature of the atmosphere 
and the conditions affecting variations of temperature. Making isotherm maps 
