SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS —F, F. 459 
Japan mountainous and uncultivated. Geological formations very varied. 
Mountains have tended to mould religious ideas, to preserve local characteristics, 
and to shape course of much internal history. Soil only moderately fertile 
-conduces to industrious habits, ingenious methods, &c., of people. More than 
half population are ‘on the land.’ Every type of climate found in Japan. 
Widespread natural beauty has refining influence on tastes and customs of all 
classes. Abundance of water modifies surface and responsible for rich vegeta- 
tion, and for periodical inundations which on one hand destroy much property, 
and on the other have led to skill in riparian work. 
10. Joint Discussion with Section L on Geography as a Basis for a 
General Science Course. Opened by Sir R. A. Grecory. 
Tuesday, September 18. 
11. Mr. J. A. Sreers.—Orfordness. 
General description of the spit. Action of the sea. Evolution of the beach. 
Historical changes. 
12. Mr. H. A. Marryews.—Mediterranean Climates of Eurasia and 
the Americas. 
Similarities and differences. In Mediterranean the enclosure of a warm 
branch of the Atlantic results in typically marine phenomena such as autumn 
rain from lcw-pressure centres over warmer sea. In California and Chile 
relief and exposure to a cold sea result in (i) abnormally low coastal tempera- 
ture in summer and high temperature gradient between coast and inland 
_ stations, while (ii) autumn rainfall is of far less importance than spring rainfall. 
13. Mr. J.N. lL. Baxer.—Some Geographical Factors in the Develop- 
ment of Irrigated Lands. 
__ The development of irrigated lands regulated partly by local conditions, 
Betlading general climatic influences, the nature of the soil, and the type of the 
crop grown, and partly by external factors, the chief of which are availability 
h 
of markets, costs of production, facilities for transport, and presence of labour 
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supply. The factors operate in different ways in the old world and in the new, 
resulting in contrasted production, but in both cases the development of irrigated 
lands may be regarded as an attempt to solve local problems. 
14, Mr. W. H. 1. Arpen-Woop, C.I.E.—Changes in the Courses of 
Rivers in the Alluvial Plains of India in their Relation to Man 
and his Activities. 
oh the following list of transactions, see p. 505.) 
SECTION F. 
j ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 
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; (For references to the publication elsewhere of communications entered in 
5 
é Thursday, September 13. 
F 1. Mr. C. E. R. SHerrinaton.—A Comparison of the Probable 
7 Economic Results of the United States Transportation Act, 
1920, and the British Railways Act, 1921. 
_ This paper described shortly the conditions which led up to the passing 
‘into Jaw of the Transportation Act, 1920, in the United States, and the British 
Railways Act, 1921, in Great Britain. 
