SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—G. 467 
of the land-telephone service. In England a modest beginning has beer made, 
_and in the United States much more ambitious results are being attempted. 
10. Mr. W. Barnes.—The Development of the Single Bucket 
Hacavator (with cinematograph illustrations of machines at 
work). 
Early history illustrating an old under-water excavator of the sixteenth 
century. ‘The first steam navvy, the Otis, in 1839. The Dunbar and Ruston 
in 1875. Mechanical features involved in these and the latest ‘ power shovels.’ 
The first crane or full-circle navvy in 1887. The latest machine of this type 
on caterpillar tracks, illustrating recent striking developments. The Dragline 
excavator ; its fundamental principles and uses. ‘he latest Dragline, weighing 
300 tons, and destined for India to do the work of approximately 1,000 coolies. 
Interesting applications of excavators to various classes of work. Their 
economic value in developing a country. 
11. Mr. J. B. C. Kersuaw.—Smoke Abatement and the New Bill. 
The author first summarised the provisions‘of the Bill introduced into the 
House of Lords this year, with the object of consolidating and strengthening 
the various laws and enactments relating to the excessive emission of black 
smoke by works and factories of the United Kingdom, and then discussed the 
educational and voluntary methods which have been found most useful in 
combating the evils arising from industrial smoke. 
The work of the ‘ Verein fur Rauchbekampfung,’ of Hamburg, was described, 
and figures showing the remarkable development of this voluntary organisation 
of steam-users were given. 
The paper closed with a plea for the wider application in this country of 
similar voluntary methods of improving the efliciency of combustion, and for 
minimising the evils resulting from black smoke. 
12, Dr. Huperr Mawson.—Analytical and Experimental Investiga- 
; tions relating to Water Turbines. 
The first part of the paper deals with an analytical method of predicting 
the form of the characteristic laws for a water turbine, the experimental 
verification of these and their application to the design, and the prediction of 
the laws for similar turbines. 
The second part gives analytical methods of estimating the rise of pressure 
in the pipe lines, and the rise of speed of the turbine when the load is removed 
and the motion of the controlling vanes is known. The results are checked by 
experiments in which use is made of a timing device consisting of a vibrating 
tuning-fork and pendulum-controlled pens to obtain the variation in the above 
quantities after the load is removed. 
13. Mr. W. J. Kearron.—The Strength of Forked Connecting Rods. 
There are two distinct types of forked connecting rod; one has the gudgeon 
pin attached to the crosshead, and the other has the gudgeon pin integral with 
the fork. Both are statically indeterminate structures, and the formule given 
in text-books for calculating the stresses in the fork are based on erroneous 
assumptions. The paper shows how the stresses in a forked connecting rod in 
which the gudgeon pin is integral with the fork may be calculated. The stresses 
for an actual rod are worked out in full, and an account is given of experiments 
which verify the calculated results. 
In the afternoon the Helsby Works of the British Insulated and 
Helsby Cable Company were visited. 
Tuesday, September 18. 
14. Joint Discussion with Section L on The Teaching of Dynamics. 
Opened by Sir J. B. Henperson, K.B.E. 
