A474 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—H. 
21. Mr. IL. T. Huaures.—Field-Notes on the Earthworks of North 
Cardiganshire. 
This is part of a survey scheme, based on principles laid down by the 
Board of Celtic Studies, to interpret the earthworks of Wales by means of 
large-scale plans and contours at 25 feet intervals, thus supplementing any 
omissions of the O.S. sheets. The 28 hill-top camps between the River Dyfi 
and the Upper Teifi-Wyre line form one of the well-defined groups of Wales. 
Different types occur here, all lying within the limit of present-day cultivation. 
They well show their landward and seaward strategic value, and are found 
to be definitely related to important valley routes, to metalliferous areas, and 
to ridgeways, which branch from the old hillside road from the Dovey Estuary 
to Lledrod. Gwyddel place-names, together with flint and bronze implements 
of Irish design, are associated with this region, the former being noticed about 
the ‘ Dinas,’ and near the best landing-places. The ‘Dinas’ is larger than 
the ‘ Caer’ or ‘ Castell,’ and seems to stand in some relation to ancient terri- 
torial divisions. So far, these camps may be considered as first or second cen- 
tury Brythonic constructions, on the forest edge or forest clearings, wherein 
some military chief lorded over the cultivable lands—conditions closely analo- 
gous to those of the Achzans of Pre-Classical Greece. 
Monday, September 17. 
13. Presidential Address by Prof. P. EZ. Newsrrry, O.B.E., on 
Egypt as a Field for Anthropological Research. (See p. 175.) 
14, Capt. L. W. G. Matcoum.—Plurality of Souls in Egypt and in 
the Western Parts of Africa. 
15. Dr. J. Sampson.—The Origin and Early Migrations of the 
Gypsies. 
In default of historical data the origin of the Gypsies must be sought 
in their language. An analysis of the recently collected specimens of Syrian 
Romani, and a comparison of this dialect with those of Armenia and Europe, 
throw new light upon the speech of the original Gypsies and their wanderings. 
Romani resolves itself into two main branches, which may be termed respec- 
tively the speech of the Ben and Phen Gypsies. As neither dialect is derivable 
from the other, both must have originated in the Indian tongue spoken by 
the Gypsies who entered Persia about the ninth century. On the separa- 
tion of the two bands, about a century later, the Ben Gypsies travelling south: 
wards to Syria became the ancestors of the present Nawar of Palestine, the 
Karaci of Persia and Transcaucasia, and the Helebis of Egypt; while the 
Phen Gypsies, after settling for a time in Armenia, migrated westwards through 
Kurdistan and Byzantine Greece, reaching the Peloponnesus before the end of 
eleventh century, whence (c. 1440) they overspread Europe. 
16. Mr. T. H. Watxer.—The Races of the Middle East. 
17. Discussion on I'he Origin of Domesticated Animals and Plants. 
Opened by Prof. Percy E. Newserry. 
During the past twenty years many important discoveries have been 
made relating to the early history of cultivated plants and domesticated 
animals, but botanists and zoologists have paid little attention to 
these subjects. Anthropologists need their help and co-operation. That the © 
cultivation of a plant began in the country where that plant was found 
growing wild is obvious, yet how little is really known about the native habitats 
of many of our common cultivated plants. Where, for example, was the 
original home of flax, or of the date-palm, or of the vine? A subject of great 
interest to the anthropologist would be the study of weeds. Schweinfurth, 
when in Central Africa, noted the preponderating Indian origin of the 
common weeds of the wide stretch of country between Tondy and the Dyoor, 
