SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—J, K. 485 
determining efficiency in this trade, and tests were devised to measure these 
factors. The tests are not sample needlework tests, but aim at measuring the 
factors directly, thus finding aptitude rather than present skill. The diagnostic 
value of the tests is indicated by the results obtained. 
24, Mr.S. Wyatr.—Monotony. 
25. Miss Isasex Burnerr.—An Laperimental Investigation of Repe- 
titive Work. 
(1) The problem of monotony, and the aims of this line of research. The 
question of individual differences. 
(2) Disposition of experiment. 
(a) Subjects. Method of selection. 
(6) Nature of work, material, and conduct of experiments. 
(c) Distribution of rest pauses. 
(3) Results obtained. 
(a) Comparison of intelligence ranking with output ranking, illustrated 
by output curves and statistics. 
(6) Discussion of individual output under different conditions of work. 
Curves obtained from each individual on each different day. 
(c) Capacity to do a specific task is not necessarily correlated with the 
(4) General conclusions and suggested line of further research. 
26. Miss Auice G. Ikin.—An Inquiry into the Qualities Desirable in 
a Foreman. 
(1) (a) Importance of a foreman in relation to the management and workmen. 
(6) Inadequacy of many existing methods of selecting foremen, and com- 
parative lack of adequate training. 
(c) Capacity to do a specific task is not necessarily correlated with the 
capacity to instruct or lead others. 
(2) Methods of obtaining data concerning qualities required. 
(a) A comparative examination of opinions obtained from 
(i) Managers ; 
(1i) Foremen. 
(6) Inquiry into and observation of foremen’s duties. 
(3) Need’for vocational tests for and improved methods of training foremen. 
SECTION K.—BOTANY. 
(For references to the publication elsewhere of communications entered in 
the following list of transactions, see p. 507.) 
Thursday, September 13. 
1. Presidential Address by Mr. A. G. Tansuey, F.R.S., on The 
Present Position of Botany. (See p. 240.) 
2. Miss E. R. Saunpers.—EHvolution and Reversion in the 
Eheadaies. 
Certain structural characters and relationships exhibited by the carpels in 
a large number of spermophyte families, notably among those included in the 
Rheadales, are difficult to explain on the accepted view of the composition of 
the gynecium. 
There is abundant evidence that in the course of evolution of existing types 
of flowering plants the gyncecium has undergone varying degrees of reduction, 
consolidation, and sterilisation. 
‘he manner in which these processes have taken effect can be traced in many 
families both of Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons, while in some few cases 
