DALY: GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHEAST COAST OF LABRADOR. 265 
extensive thirty-five-foot terrace on the south side of West Bay. The 
antiquity of the dunes is indicated by the thick vegetable cap that has 
long kept them stationary and in essentially their present form. 
The settlements on the Labrador are largely confined to the graded 
terraces close to sealevel. Their accessibility, relatively smooth surface, 
and naturally sheltered positions, have determined the location of houses, 
fishing-stages, and the long lines of bawns on which the codfish are 
dried. The inevitable graveyard is always situated on a raised beach, 
for only there is there sufficient depth of loose material on the bed- 
rock. 
True pocket-beaches could not be sharply separated from boulder and 
pebbie deposits that have been formed on steep-to shores or in the lee 
of submerged rock-knobs in several fathoms of water. With the latter 
are associated the very common aggregations of boulders flooring the 
little rock-basins situated among the mammillated ledges of the emerged 
zone. In this record therefore, the term “beach” may, in certain 
instances, be arbitrarily used. 
One of the commonest forms assumed by the shore-detritus, is that 
of the barrier-beach or of its relative, the tombolo or tying-on bar. 
Fine examples of these occur at Port Manvers and at the eastern ex- 
tremity of Paul’s Island. The settlers on the coast recognize that 
certain peninsulas have been formed by the tying on of rocky islands to 
the mainland ; such islands of an earlier time aré locally called “ barred 
islands.”? The recency of the shore-uplift is well shown in the numer- 
ous fresh-water ponds lying back of raised barrier beaches. Their 
basins represent either true coastal lagoons or the depressions located 
on the landward side of submarine bars. Often a series of bars form, 
with the tied-on rock-islands, the rim of a pond. Examples can be 
found at Mauve Bay, Newfoundland, at Pottle’s Cove, West Bay, at 
Ford Harbor, and at Black Island Harbor. In every case, the pond 
exhibits extremely little infilling with wash from the adjacent hills, nor 
has the growth of peat significantly diminished the size of the basin. 
The freshness of form corroborates in striking degree the other evidence 
that goes to show how lately the land has emerged from beneath the 
sea. Occasionally the bar is cut through by a stream that has thus 
destroyed the integrity of the basin lying back of the bar. 
Not the least conspicuous features of the views obtained along the 
coast, are the fossil spits such as those at Jigger Island, Sandy Island, 
Ford Harbor, John’s Harbor and in the vicinity of Nain. Tailing off 
with beautifully even slopes from a few hundred feet to more than a mile 
