66 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES, 



full operation and doing valuable work are Nigeria, the Gold Coast, and 

 Sierra Leone in West Africa ; in Central and East Africa — Uganda and 

 Nyasaland, with the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and the Mandated Territory 

 of Tanganyika ; and the Federated Malay States. Among those which 

 have had surveys for certain periods, but which have been varied, sus- 

 pended, or concluded, are Jamaica, British Honduras, British Guiana, 

 Gambia, Somaliland, Zanzibar, Ceylon, and the Falkland Islands. Geologi- 

 cal advice is being given in Ceylon, Palestine, and Somaliland. In those 

 now without surveys much useful work was done, and the discontinuance 

 of operations was due to various causes. 



The interests of the geologist should be wide, and thus be available in 

 various manners for the benefit of the country. His opportunities are 

 perhaps greater than those of any other of the professions practised in a 

 young country. His travels through many difierent districts enable him 

 to see and note much that relates directly not only to his own department, 

 but also in some respects to other departments, members of which may be 

 unable at the time to make independent examinations, or to those of 

 departments not then established. Observations thus made can be com- 

 municated to such departments, or published in the Annual Reports of 

 his own, for the information of all people interested therein. 



The following remarks of Professor W. W. Watts in his Presidential 

 Address — ' Geology in the SerAnice of Man ' — to this Section of the British 

 Association at Toronto, in 1924, are appropriate : ' It is because of the 

 variety and intensity of observation essential to geological surveying . . . 

 that the geologist must necessarily become a physiographer and geographer. 

 There is a limit to the perfection of topographic maps and surveys, even 

 when, as in the United States, there is close co-operation between the 

 Topographic and Geological Surveys ; and it is the duty of the geologist to 

 take note of innumerable features which have no delineation, still less 

 explanation on such maps. The geologist is probably the only class of 

 person who has to traverse large areas with his eyes open, not to one 

 class of phenomena only, but to all that can help him to decide questions 

 of concealed structure. . . . Nor can he confine himself to the purely 

 physiographic aspect of his area. He is led into bypaths . . . and many 

 facts with regard to the distribution of animals and plants, and of the 

 dwellings, occupations and characteristics of the people, can scarcely 

 escape his observation ; neither can he shut his eyes to historic and 

 prehistoric facts. Thus a geologist is generally possessed of a store of 

 knowledge reaching far beyond the strict bounds of his science.' 



There is a great deal of misconception regarding the fimctions of a 

 Geological Survey, using the term geological in its broadest sense. By 

 many it is thought to deal with the rocks of a country, to describe them, and 

 to show on maps and in reports their divisions, disposition, and distribution ; 

 perhaps also to include the economic minerals, such as coal, brown coal, 

 lignite, rock-salt, ores of iron, manganese, copper, nickel, zinc and lead ; 

 or valuable gem-stones, such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires and opals. 



But there is very little, if any, recognition of the great part that geology 

 plays in a most unobtrusive manner in connection with mining, agriculture, 

 stock-raising, water-supply, forestry, public works, sanitation, geography, 

 and education. The ramifications of geology are great. Its interconnec- 



