C— GEOLOGY. 75 



geological divisions present in the area being shown in their respective 

 colours, in agreement with the general scheme adopted for African 

 geological surveys. 



It will, therefore, be seen that in a young country which has no 

 topographical survey of its own, or one which is only partly surveyed, it is 

 imperative that some such method as outlined should be adopted before 

 anything approaching a real representation of the features can be shown. 



The only alternative to this is to attempt to describe with a flood of 

 words what can be shown graphically as a picture, impressible on the 

 visual memory by a brief examination of it. 



It should be clearly understood that such is advocated only in the 

 absence of an accurate groundwork of survey, such as that of the Ordnance 

 Survey of Great Britain, a map upon which the geologist can at once place 

 his geological information with accuracy, and thank Heaven and his 

 country that he has such a map available. 



Colonies such as these comprise some which are furnished with all 

 Departments, others in which some of the smaller Departments have not 

 yet been established. It is to a less advanced and less flourishing one that 

 the following remarks specially refer. Such may not have a department 

 of Lands Survey or of Water Supply, but it may have a Geological Survey. 

 What then happens in the event of a discovery of some important deposit 

 of mineral, or the collection of data of value respecting supplies of under- 

 ground water, and of streams for the development of hydro-electric power ? 

 There is no Lands Survey Department, and no Water Supply Department, 

 so there is no one whose special duty it is to make a topographical survey 

 of the ground and produce a map therefrom, upon which a concession to 

 Government can be obtained, if desired. Therefore the geologist makes 

 the survey and the map. Similarly, the information respecting water 

 supplies for domestic and stock purposes is collected by him, the streams 

 crossed during his various traverses are examined, the volumes measured, 

 possible sites for dams noted, and other useful data obtained for possible 

 utilisation later of water-power for hydro-electric purposes. This informa- 

 tion may not have any immediate value, or when obtained may not be 

 regarded as of special interest, but conditions change and events happea 

 rapidly in a young progressive country, so that often available information 

 of this kind is found to be most opportune and useful. 



There are several instances of the special assistance given by Geological 

 Surveys, two of which in the Gold Coast may be mentioned. In 1917, 

 on the discovery by that Survey of a large deposit of bauxite of high 

 grade, the Government decided to obtain a concession over the deposit 

 and surrounding country. The Geological Survey that year consisted 

 solely of the Director, and as no Lands Survey Department then existed 

 in the Colony he himself surveyed the boundaries and prepared a map 

 therefrom, so that the concession could be obtained. He also surveyed in 

 detail the area comprised by the deposits and prepared a map of it. 

 Similarly, in the case of the large deposits of manganese ore found by the 

 Survey. 



It may be specially mentioned here that not only on the economic 

 mineral side of geology is a geological survey of value to a colony. It is 

 of much assistance to such departments as Agriculture, Forestry, Water 



