H.—ANTHROPOLOGY. 139 
arches. The bridge was brought to light in its entirety in 1892, and it was 
found that, as originally constructed, it had three arches for low water, 
corresponding with a channel 663 metres wide. Two more slightly smaller 
arches were available when the river was moderately full, with a channel 
_ 974 metres wide. For great floods three smaller arches came into use, 
giving a total width of 135 metres to the stream.® It was these three 
smaller arches and the bridge-heads characteristically sloping up on each 
side that were brought to light m 1892; and it is much to be regretted 
that it was impossible to preserve this remarkably perfect specimen of a 
Roman bridge. 
The same may be said of the Pons Aemilius, though as it stood it was 
largely a work of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, having last been 
rebuilt after the flood of 1557 (after the flood of 1598, in which it lost three 
out of its six arches, no attempt was made to repair it); it might more 
fittingly have been restored instead of being reduced to a single arch left 
in midstream to tell the tale. 
Similarly, the Pons Cestius, which crosses the right-hand branch at 
the island, an ancient though much-restored structure of one large arch 
and two smaller flood arches, has been transformed into a modern bridge 
of three large arches in connection with the widening of the channel 
already mentioned. The Pons Fabricius, on the other hand, has been left 
untouched. It was built of solid stone in 62 B.c. by Lucius Fabricius, 
then curator viarum, and partly restored by the consuls of 21 B.c. (the 
inscription recording these repairs seems to relate only to the left-hand 
arch). With the exception of the brick fillings above the arches it is almost 
intact. It has two large arches with a flood arch in the pier between them, 
which would otherwise have been needlessly massive. There are also two 
small side arches, now concealed by the embankment walls. 
From the consideration of the bridges of the city of Rome we naturally 
pass to that of the roads ; and here, as in the case of the drainage system, 
we find that the nucleus of that great network of roads which spread all 
over the Roman world dates almost from the beginning of her history. 
It may be well to study briefly some of the main engineering works 
upon a few of the most important of these roads. I have already spoken 
at Toronto of the course of the main lines of the roads that traverse Italy, 
and of their historical significance—how from small beginnings, con- 
temporary with the first extensions of the sway of Rome over her 
immediate neighbours, these lines of communication were gradually 
extended as her power spread through Italy. The road was pushed into 
the heart of the conquered territory, where some strong fortress like 
Alba Fucens or Venusia (Horace’s birthplace) was established, and 
_ garrisoned by a Latin colony. The colonists at the same time cultivated 
the territory around the town, receiving allotments of it as their own, and 
were thus at once soldiers and farmers. From these beginnings grew the 
_ wonderful network of roads which extended beyond Italy over the whole 
Roman Empire, and form a most important part of the heritage which 
that great empire left to posterity. 
_ I must, naturally, avoid repeating the paper that I read last year ; 
but I will call attention once more to some of the more interesting features 
‘upon two or three of the main roads. 
6 Lanciani, Ruins and Hxcavations, p. 13, fig. 6. 
