LL << CCC 
H.—ANTHROPOLOGY. 151 
distance ; and if we do not accept this view, we have to find a place for 
the specus of the Anio Vetus in the lower part of Ponte Lupo; and a 
careful study of its construction and of the dating assigned to its various 
parts by Miss van Deman has shown me that this is by no means easy, 
though from the levels it is admissible.!® 
The Ponte Lupo itself is the product of a number of periods of con- 
struction. The first part in point of date is undoubtedly the opus quad- 
ratum in the centre of the bridge. Whether it is part of the original con- 
struction is doubtful; it might seem too conspicuous a bridge to have 
been erected in 154 B.c., when the fear of invasion was by no means a 
thing of the past. 
In any case, we may assign to Agrippa, working under Augustus, the 
reconstruction of the upper part of the aqueduct in opus reticulatum, 
with the large arches with small stone voussoirs which carry the channel ; 
and to Augustus at a later period some further strengthening in opus 
reticulatum. 
To Titus belong probably the arches of tiles on the east side and the 
opus reticulatum with brick bands at the south-west end ; to Hadrian some 
extra buttresses of concrete, again faced with opus reticulatum. One of the 
Severi, perhaps Alexander Severus, filled in the great arches of opus 
quadratum with two-storied arches. But the greatest transformation of 
the bridge occurred later still, perhaps under Diocletian. To him we may 
attribute all the thickening of the lower part of the bridge and the great 
brick buttresses at the lower level on the east side, including the semi- 
circular buttresses at the stream right back as far as the opus quadratum 
piers, and the great brick-faced wall on the west side on the south bank 
of the stream. Finally, to a still later period (fifth or sixth century after 
Christ) must be assigned the masking of the buttresses on the east bank. 
Such is in brief the history of the bridge as far as it can be read from its 
remains. 
We now pass to the Ponte Taulella of the Anio Vetus, which has already 
been mentioned, situated in a deep ravine much overgrown with vegetation. 
There is no trace of Republican work, and the first bridge of which we have 
any trace had a single arch of brick with a wide base of opus quadratum. 
It has twice been reinforced with concrete faced with opus reticulatum and 
brick bands—perhaps, therefore, in the Flavian and Hadrianic periods, 
and there is no trace of anything later. _ 
Ridges and valleys follow alternately in quick succession, and remains 
of the aqueducts continue to be seen, though decreasing in size and 
grandeur as the ravines become smaller and we approach the open country. 
We cross the Via Praenestina, and on a hill-top find, still in situ, a cippus 
of the Aqua Marcia with the inscription fairly well preserved—Mar(cia) 
Imp(erator) Caesar [Divi f(ilius) Augustus ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) clix 
pledes) CCXL (the 509th cippus from Rome). 
Below, in the valley, are two bridges belonging to the Anio Novus and 
Claudia, known as the Ponti Diruti. They run side by side, with only 
about 0°50 m. difference in the level of the bottom of the channels, and so 
- close together that they were connected by arches still traceable at the 
springing. They show, like the rest, traces of strengthening and reinforce- 
ment. In the upper bridge traces of the original construction in opus 
19 Tivellazione cits 
