152 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 
quadratum and opus reticulatum may be seen with Severan (and later) 
restrictions ; but the lower one has been entirely rebuilt in post-Severan 
brick-faced concrete. 
Raffaelle Fabretti, one of the pioneers of the investigation of the 
aqueducts, whose work De Aquis et Aquaeductibus Urbis Romae was 
first published in 1680, marks these as the last remains of the aqueducts 
visible towards Rome ; and, indeed, it was believed until a few years ago 
that they ran underground from this point to the well-known line of 
arches which begin at Capannelle. Even Professor Lanciani had written 
of all the four that there were no traces from Cavamonte to Roma Vecchia 
and Capannelle respectively.2° But the casual discovery of a part of the 
channel of the Aqua Claudia on the farm road leading to the Casale della 
Pallavicina directed his attention to the possibility of discovering the 
course of the aqueducts in this district; and he further suggested that 
the large amounts of calcareous deposits thrown out at the shafts (puter) 
which occur at frequent intervals in the subterranean course of the 
aqueducts were bound to reveal their course still further towards Rome, 
where they traverse the lower slopes of the Alban Hills. This proved 
to be the case; and it has thus been possible to follow them from point to 
point in their gradual descent towards the plain, until they emerge between 
the Via Latina and the Via Appia, the Claudia and Anio Novus near the 
racing stables of Capannelle (Villa Bertone), and the Marcia near the 
farmhouse of Roma Vecchia; while the Anio Vetus was cut by the 
Naples railway where it passes under the Marrana Mariana and the Acqua 
Felice. In all this stretch, however, there were no complicated problems 
of engineering to be solved; and we may therefore turn to the con- 
sideration of the remains of the aqueducts after their emergence. The 
arches of the Claudia and Anio Novus gradually increase in height from 
Capannelle to Roma Vecchia, until beyond it they reach their greatest 
elevation in this section, estimated by Lanciani at 27°41 metres. In this 
stretch they are extremely well preserved and have not required restoration 
to any considerable extent. The lower stone channel of the Claudia is 
surmounted by the concrete specus of the Anio Novus, faced with brick 
and opus reticulatum—an obvious afterthought, the detrimental effects of 
which we have already seen. 
Shortly afterwards comes a right-angled turn, intended to diminish 
the rapidity of the flow of water ; and here the aqueduct was strengthened 
with brickwork, some of which fell a few years ago; I found stamps of 
the first quarter of the second century A.D. init.24_ Here the Aqua Marcia 
(upon the arches of which ran the Aqua Tepula and the Aqua Iulia, both 
from the Alban Hills) passed under the loftier arches of the Aqua Claudia. 
Some 300 metres further on they recrossed, and in the space between 
the two lines of aqueduct the Goths encamped when they besieged Rome 
in A.D. 539. A mediaeval tower, the Tor Fiscale, has been planted on 
the top, and within the tower may be seen the crossing and the channels 
of all the five aqueducts. 
Further on, as we come nearer to the city, considerable reinforcements 
have become necessary. In many places the original stonework of the 
° Op. cit. 262, 292, 349, 356. 
C.I.L. xv. 314, 697, 1241. 
Procopius, Bell. Goth. ii.; cf. Lanciani, op. cit. 360. 
2 
2 
2 
1 
2 
ee. 
