ON COST OF CYCLING, ETC.—VOCATIONAL TESTS. 269 
of the metabolism to be made with greater variations of the crank, i.e. with lengths of 
12-7 and 10-16 cms. in addition to those given above. The results of these are tabulated 
below. 
| 
Metabolism in Kals. p.m. 
average of three determinations 
Length of crank 
1 20°32 2-076 
2 17:78 | 1-869* 
3 15-24 | 1-745 
4 12-70 1-596 
5 10°16 1-422 
* Only one determination available. 
From these figures clearly the metabolic expenditure for mere movement varies 
directly with the length of the crank. On p. 268 is given a graphic representation of 
this, in which the abscissa is the metabolism in kalories per minute and the ordinates 
the length of the crank in cms. 
Vocational Tests.— Report of Committee (Dr. C. 8. MyErs, Chairman ; 
Dr. G. H. Mixes, Secretary; Prof. C. Burt, Prof. T. H. Par, 
Mr. F. Warts, Dr. Lt. Wynn Jonzs). 
Tue following is a brief account of the present position of Vocational Testing. 
Vocational Testing has developed in two main directions, and is the practical 
outcome of the fact that certain psychological tests, when applied by trained observers, 
are capable of bringing to light and evaluating individual mental differences. 
The information obtained from such tests is utilised when giving Vocational 
Guidance to those who need help in the choice of an occupation. 
It is also possible to study an occupation and devise psychological tests which, 
when applied to candidates, will give information as to their degree of suitability for 
that occupation. Such tests are being used to supplement the work of Vocational 
Selection. 
In America children are given information concerning the vocational possibilities 
in industrial, commercial and professional life, details of the careers are given, and they 
are helped in making their own choice. Advice in choosing a High School Curriculum 
is also given with the same object in view. A psychological examination is being 
increasingly used. 
On the Continent more attention is given to the exploration of the children’s 
mental and physical abilities. For this purpose various tests, based on laboratory 
tests, have been designed, and the results obtained are used to supplement other 
information concerning the child. Many additional facts can be derived from these 
results, but unless the requirements in the various available occupations have been 
similarly estimated, this method has but little in favour of it, for the older methods 
of guidance have shown how much is dependent on the accuracy of the counsellor’s 
knowledge concerning the various occupations. Numerous vocational bureaus have 
therefore made classifications of occupations from the point of view of estimated 
requirements. In some districts this classification is carried a step further by actual 
surveys, carried out by psychologists, of the mental requirements of the industries 
and occupations. This is undoubtedly an advance on the armchair analysis, though 
the latter is, of course, helpful as a preliminary step and gives a definite line for 
action. 
Closely allied to the work of guidance is that of vocational selection, and this is 
giving great help by defining more exactly the requirements of a number of occupa- 
tions and in rendering available numerous tests by which candidates can be selected 
for these occupations. In America many firms have standardised psychological 
tests for their new employees. In Germany, for instance, large firms such as Osram, 
A.B.G., Siemens, Krupps, and also the Post Office and the State Railways, have 
established psychological laboratories in which their new employees are tested before 
being allocated to various branches of the firm’s activities. 
