SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—E, 327 
future improvements, and it is shown that although Southampton lies apart from large 
commercial and manufacturing centres its usefulness to the country is likely to be 
maintained and increased. 
11. Mr. H. Sumner.—Geography and Prehistoric Earthworks in the New 
Forest Area. 
Geography and Prehistoric defined. Advantage and disadvantage of New Forest 
area. Advantage—never having been under cultivation. Disadvantage—subsidence 
of the land since Neolithic and Palaeolithic periods. 
Geographical description of New Forest area. Its ridgeway watershed—streams 
and their courses—springs—character of soil—vegetation—harbours. 
Physical features of the area influenced choice of prehistoric man. Survey and study 
of earthworks, and excavation are our only means of obtaining prehistoric evidence. 
The Bronze Age represented by barrows. Most numerous on Beaulieu and Setley 
Heaths—68 barrows now standing there. The land probably then stood 50 feet higher 
than now, and the Solent was a fertile valley. Such conditions may account for large 
tribal occupation here. Barrow excavations in the area, and record. Camps of defence 
may belong to Bronze or Iron Age: probably the latter. Hengistbury Head supplies 
principal Iron Age evidence of the New Forest area. §.A. excavations of 1911-12, 
and their results. A prehistoric harbour with continental traffic. Defensive camps 
described. Late Iron Age pastoral enclosure and habitation site on Gorley Hill. 
Roman remains in this area prehistoric inasmuch as we only know of them by 
earthwork survey, and excavation—and the same applies here to Jutish or Saxon 
remains. Roman pottery sites described. Roman roads. Roman evidence in Avon 
and Test valleys points to Southampton as the principal harbour in Roman times. 
Jutish or Saxon evidence, cf. place-names with ‘ ton’ suffixes around Lymington. 
Ampress seafarers’ camp at Lymington described. Jutish or Danish ? 
12. Mr. F. J. Ricuarps.—The Cultural Geography of India. 
The correlation of human and physical factors, a condition precedent to the 
systematic study of Indian culture. The ‘ Natural Divisions’ hitherto adopted do 
not effect this correlation. Density of population the index or common measure of 
human and physical factors. Its relation to those factors. Its dynamic significance ; 
areas of concentration, transit and retreat. The two main areas of concentration : 
(a) Indo-Gangetic ; (b) peninsular. Subsidiary areas of concentration : (a) maritime, 
(1) west, (2) east ; (6) inland, (1) Central India, (2) Deccan plateau. Areas of transit 
and retreat. 
Cultural criteria: inter alia (1) language; (2) administration; (3) religions ; 
(4) sociology. 
Application of these criteria to (I) N. India; (IL) the central zone; (III) the 
Peninsula. 
13. Mr. J. H. Reynotps.—The Question of Pronunciation Tables for 
the British sheets of the International Map. 
Resolution 9 (d) of the International Map Committee, Paris, 1913: ‘Each sheet shall 
have an explanatory table showing the Latin characters which best represent, in the 
three languages [English, French, German] in which the resolutions of the London 
Conference were printed, the phonetic value of the tables used on the sheet.’ 
14. Mr. T. B. Browntne.—The Discovery of North America by John 
Cabot in 1497. 
The landfalls ascribed to Cabot by the best authorities form to-day five antagon- 
istic groups which extend from Labrador to Cape Breton Island, a distance of five 
degrees of latitude. The object of the paper is to retrace the whole voyage, indicate 
the sources of discrepancy from point to point, and submit a representation of the area 
of discovery which shall accord with all the primary data available, documentary, 
cartographical, and physical, namely, the eastern shore of Newfoundland from Cape 
Race to the Straits of Belle Isle. A reconstruction of John Cabot’s original chart (1497) 
s suggested. The paper submits likewise that two well-known maps should be set 
