328 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—E. 
aside on grounds of forgery, the Mappa Mundi of Juan de la Cosa (1500), and that of 
Sebastian Cabot (1544), which have hitherto been principal causes of confusion in 
connection with this, the first transatlantic expedition of the English people. 
AFTERNOON. 
Excursion to the northern part of the New Forest, including Red- 
bridge, Totton, Cadnam, Castle Malwood, Ringwood, Fordingbridge and 
the Avon Valley. Leader, Mr. O. H. T. Rishbeth. 
Tuesday, September 1, 
Morninac. 
15. Mason M. N. Macieop, D.S.0., M.C.— The Present State of the 
International 1/M Map. 
1. Historical Commencement of the Carte Internationale du Monde au Million- 
iéme. The London Conference of 1909 and its results. The first sheets published. 
The Paris Conference of 1913, and establishment of the Central Bureau. 
2. Present State——KEffect of the War and preparation of the ‘ Provisional’ Series 
Sheets now available ; provisional series and sheets of the authorised model. About 
1,000 sheets are required to include the whole land surface of the world. Possibly 
100 of these include only unimportant islands; of the remaining 900 approximately 
200 have been published in some form or other. 
3. Comments on published sheets and present production.—Sixteen countries are 
now actively engaged in production. Europe and S.W. Asia (India) are now well 
mapped. 8. America, though poorly surveyed, is well mapped. Notable gaps in the 
International Series are N. America, N.E. Asia, and Australia. The recent Common- 
wealth Government decision to start 1/M mapping of Australia will start the reduction 
of the last-named gap. 
4. Criticisms of the present Resolutions.—Experience has revealed some lack of 
uniformity in the compilation by different offices. Criticisms are directed to the present 
road symbol, and the method of showing contours. 
5. Working of the Central Bureau.—The Central Bureau is not a sales office. The 
arrangements for distribution of the map are very defective—in fact, none exist. 
Financial arrangements for support of the Bureau will soon require reconsideration 
owing to the state of the French exchange. 
16, Mr. O. H. T. Risnpeta.—The British Empire a Geographical Entity. 
The question not to be confused with either political or purely economic or purely 
physical issues. The geographical issue physico-human. 
The British Empire the realm of British civilisation, and possesses internal cohesion 
and external delimitation. The dynamic factor in the geographical situation is the 
human, but this factor still in its infancy. 
Growth to be anticipated in three main directions : 
(a) Organic incorporation of regions relatively unhumanised. 
(b) Organic impregnation of regions weakly humanised. 
(c) Development of internal transmission and circulation. 
Such growth, leading to (a) increasing internal cohesion, (b) increasing external 
delimitation, results not in uniformity but in organic unity—i.e. a unity wherein power 
of inner differentiation is balanced by power of self-organisation. 
As such, and in comparison with other similar geographical entities, the British 
Empire is most favourably situated. 
17. Dr. VaueHan Cornisu.—On Subjective Variations of Magnitude in 
Natural Scenery. 
The author has conducted observations on scenic magnitude during several years, 
and offers explanations of many apparently capricious effects. The following examples 
indicate the character of the results: (i) As distant objects appear to be of larger 
