334 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—F, G. 
development of the advantage. Italy’s reversal of an old proverb. Nothing was so 
successful as the success brought about by her failures. 
Intensification of effort. Psychologie study of markets, and the lesson thereof : 
‘Tf the goods are of the kind wanted, and at the price wished for, the purchasers 
will be forthcoming.’ Examples. Italy’s three very notable assets: wealth of 
labour ; white-hot patriotic feeling ; and a psychologic moment. 
Consolidation of effort in markets already gained, and plans regarding new ones. 
Projected Italian commercial penetration of Persia. 
Italy and Japan. The latter’s commercial advantage, owing to the war, gains her 
a foothold in the Indian market. Italy’s challenge and its result. Effect upon 
England of Italy’s cotton textile development in the Levant and in other countries. 
Where Italy has gained a market advantage over England, and why. 
Can England profit from the realization of causes which account for Italy’s 
success ? Statistics. 
The lesson taught by the introduction into Italy of Indian cotton. Phenomenal 
growth of the artificial silk trade in Italy, and its effect upon the economic life of the 
country. 
SECTION G.—ENGINEERING. 
(For references to the publication elsewhere of communications entered in the 
following list of transactions, see page 390.) 
Thursday, August 27. 
1. Presidential Address by Sir ArncnrpatD Denny on Fifty Years’ - 
Evolution in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. 
(See page 114.) 
2. Mr. Epwin R. Mumrorp.—The Value of the Experiment Tank in 
Relation to Ship and Propeller Design. 
This paper reviews the varied and valuable work done at experiment tanks during 
the last half-century. 
In the early days of the application of steam engines to ships, the installations 
were of low powers giving only moderate speeds, but the gradual development of more 
powerful installations and faster speeds created a need for a reliable method of 
determining the most economical dimensions and design of hull and propellers for a 
particular service. 
The late Dr. William Froude, of Torquay, rendered most brilliant service by 
showing the reliability of his method of comparing the speeds and powers of models 
and ships. The method is described, and its application to numerous problems 
connected with ship and propeller design is reviewed. 
The paper concludes with a description of an experimental investigation of the 
* Cavitation ’ problem. 
3. Mr. Foster Kine, C.B.E.—The Scantling Developments in Iron and 
Steel Merchant Ships. 
This paper is an endeavour to trace in general rather than technical terms, the 
development of modern steel merchant ship scantlings from their origin as an attempt 
to reproduce wood scantlings in iron. In spite of the leading part taken by pioneers 
of iron construction in creating and applying mechanical knowledge, it shows the 
hindrance to development which resulted from strength calculations not having been 
used in wood construction. Through descriptions of typical ships of 1860, the end 
of the iron period, the beginning of the steel period and the present time, it shows the 
practical effect of these and other surrounding influences upon scantling development. 
Discussion on Presidential Address and above Papers. 
A¥rrTERNooN.—Visit to Southampton Docks. 
