H.— ANTHROPOLOGY. 185 



Europe. Research was long hampered by the grouping of all or nearly all 

 the men of the later Pleistocene under the one name of the Cro Magnon 

 Race. Thanks largely to the lamented Giuffrida Ruggeri,' we have got 

 beyond that unsatisfactory position, and now recognise several sub-groups 

 of modern man in Europe as early as the Aurignacian period. This 

 implies that modern men had, somewhere or other, gone through a long 

 history before they came to Europe with Aurignacian culture. On the 

 whole the divergences between the various types do not seem great enough, 

 in the present state of our knowledge, to force us to assume that they 

 developed from widely different types of ancient man, but we need not 

 assume a single ancestral pair or even a small number of ancestral pairs 

 all very much alike. 



Huntington, Hill, Taylor, and Olbrichf^ have tried in various ways to 

 •estimate the climates which make the body and mind of the European 

 function most efficiently, and it is generally agreed that much depends 

 upon the number of calories of heat which the body is able to emit. This 

 amount may be well over 3,200 calories per day for a strong man's active 

 life in a cool climate, and as little as 1,500 calories for a sedentary life 

 under equatorial conditions. More heat can be emitted when the 

 •atmosphere is dry as well as cool, as in the United States of America. 

 White people there find it useful to have houses, &c., warmer than ours in 

 England during the winter. The conditions that make us function most 

 ■actively are those of a climate with temperatures usually varying between 

 70° and 20° F., without too long spells at either of these limits, with 

 ■enough, but not too much, bright sunshine, and with variability and 

 storms as a feature. It would appear that these conditions are most 

 favourable to activity and general well-being of some other race types 

 besides Europeans, and Huntington, for example, believes, with some 

 justification, that the Bantu peoples coming into South Africa profit by 

 the greater cooling power of the region, and are physically and mentally 

 better than those in the equatorial regions. Very great cold appears to 

 have deleterious effects mentally and physically. We must not argue too 

 •crudely that the ' ideal climate ' is the climate of the region where modern 

 man originated, but we may go so far as to say that, as his constitution 

 seems attuned to certain climatic conditions, those conditions must not 

 be very far from the conditions of the region in which he evolved, admitting 

 ■that quite possibly he migrated into a region of the climate in question 

 and so gained an access of vigour. His mental processes are most active 

 at a temperature below that of the greatest comfort physically, and this 

 has induced Olbricht to venture the suggestion that the great mental 

 advance to the fully human condition occurred in a cold period, probably 

 one of the later phases of the Ice Age. 



5 Giuffrida Ruggeri, V. ' Quatro crani preistorici dell' Italia,' Arch, yer I'Ayitr. e 

 ■la Etn., xlv., 1915 ; ' Antropologia e Archeologia,' ibid., xlvi., 1916 ; ' La posizione 

 antr. d. Uomo d. Combe Capelle,' Riv. di Anir., xxi., 1916-17; ' Su I'orieine dell' 

 Uomo,' 1921. 



6 Huntington, E., 'Civilisation and Climate,' 1915; 'World Power and Evolu- 

 tion,' 1919. Hill, L., ' The science of ventilation and open-air treatment ' (Medical 

 Research Committee), pt. 1, 1919, pt. 2, 1920. Hill, L., and Campbell, G., ' Health 

 and Environment,' 1925. Taylor, G., ' Evolution and Distribution of Race, Culture 

 and Language,' Geographical Review, 1921. Olbricht, K., ' Khma und Entwicklung,' 

 1923. Cornish, Vaughan, ' The Great Capitals,' 1923. 



