H.— ANTHROPOLOGY. 18T 



venture to sketch out characters of some groups of men of the periods in 

 question. 



The well-known youth and old woman from the lower layers at 

 Grimaldi' show very long high heads, which, however, altogether lack 

 the brow-ridges found in some of the others. The nose is very broad and the 

 mouth projects strongly, while the teeth are much larger than those of 

 living men. The stature is short. 



These two skeletons have been said to be ' negroid,' but it would be 

 better to say that, both in them and in some African individuals, we find 

 some of the characters above enumerated. If it is right to look upon a 

 marked relative elongation of the head as an early specialisation in some, 

 but not all, forms of modern man, then we can say that these two Grimaldi 

 skeletons show that specialisation, and are also characterised by absence 

 of brow-ridges. The proportion of the lower limb to the upper one was 

 remarkably high, as Verneau has shown, and it is interesting that this 

 seems also to be a feature among some African peoples, notably the 

 Bushmen. The relations are quite reversed among some West African 

 negroes, and apparently among the Semang pigmies. There thus seems 

 reason to suppose that among the early forms of modern man — for I 

 shall claim later on that the pigmies are, to some extent, survivals of such 

 forms — there were differences in the proportions of the limbs. This is 

 what might be expected to occur in a species with an original home 

 probably on the grassland borders of the forest, and possibly an arboreal 

 stage in its ancestry. 



Menghin" has recently ventured the suggestion that the Grimaldi type 

 is to be linked with the rock-face art of Alpera and other places in E. and 

 S. Spain. The idea is that here we have a type and culture related to 

 those of N. Africa, though the indications are that the culture (Capsian) 

 concerned reached Europe from Africa via Italy rather than via Spain. 



The name of Cro Magnon has been widely used as a label for nearly 

 all the types of the late Palaeolithic with the exception of the two Grimaldi 

 skeletons above mentioned, though often the calotte from Briinn or that 

 from Briix, both in Moravia, have also been made into types. The late 

 Giuffrida Ruggeri helped greatly to make our conceptions clearer, but some 

 exaggerations of Klaatsch hindered the spread of a more reasonable view. 

 It is interesting that Klaatsch withdrew those exaggerations before he died. 



Three individuals are known from Cro Magnon," one, ' the old man,' 

 being almost perfectly preserved. There is also a very closely similar 

 skeleton from La Grotte des Enfants on the Riviera. Further, two malo 

 skeletons from Barma Grande (Riviera), and possibly two or three more 

 from Cavillon and Baousso da Torre (Riviera), show facial characters of 

 this type combined with the very long and high-ridged character of the 

 skull-roof of the type to be discussed next. 



This combination of the broad, short, strong- jawed Cro Magnon face, 

 with a very long and high head as just noted, also occurs in the male 

 skeleton of Magdalenian date from Obercassel, near Bonn. 



■' Verneau, R. ' Les grottes de Grimaldi,' vol. ii., 1906. 

 " Hoernes-Menghin. ' Urgeschichte der bildenden Kiin.st in Europa,' 1925. 

 de Quatrefages, H., and Hamy, E. T., ' Crania Etlmica,' 1882. Also Verneau, R.» 

 oj). cit. 



