H.— ANTHROPOLOGY. 180 



the art of sculpturing in the round, so characteristic of some Aurignacian 

 stations in Europe. 



Skulls from Solutre show high heads apparently without strong brow- 

 ridges, but here the head is relatively shorter and the cranial index is 

 much higher (77.9-83.2, as against 74-5-6 in Cro Magnon, and about 70 

 or less in several others). We await with great interest further details of 

 these Solutre skulls.''^ 



IV. — A Comparative Review of the Early Forms Noticed. 



We must note first that it is no longer possible to speak of the people 

 of the Aurignacian and Solutrean jDhases as all long-headed ; the Solutre 

 skulls show that fairly broad-headed men had already appeared in Europe 

 at that time. It is also evident that there are several characters which 

 are widespread among these early forms of modern man, but that these 

 characters occur in different associations in different cases. Extrezne long- 

 headedness is common to several specimens, and is usually, but not always, 

 associated with high-headedness and with strength of brow-ridges and of 

 cheek-bones, connected with great strength of the temporal muscles. 

 There is, however, also a fairly frequent occurrence of a somewhat greater 

 width combined with less height of head, as in the Cro Magnon type, and 

 here it would seem that the brow-ridges do not stand out forwards in 

 most cases. The temporal muscles were undoubtedly strong in this last 

 type, but they seem to have been set farther out to the side. 



The increase in length of the skull, which undoubtedly seems to have 

 occurred in the early forms of modern man, appears to have been mainly 

 an increase in length in front of the ear, and it is important that, in 

 children's growth, the part of the head in front of the ear increases in 

 length more and faster than the part behind the ear. Here it is interesting 

 to note that the Chancelade skull seems to have less lengthening of the 

 front part than many others, and to remember also that Chancelade jnan 

 did not walk quite erect. He has not been described in the previoiis section 

 because he is later in presumed date than those mentioned, but he appears 

 to show some early features. 



Now, if growth was taking place particularly in the anterior region of 

 the skull, and was often especially growth in length, this means that 

 additions were being made most of all along the coronal suture which 

 goes across the head near the vertex, and we may inquire why this was so. 

 One reason seems to be that the temporal muscles, functioning stronf^lv 

 when the jaws were used for tugging at flesh food, were obviously of verv 

 great importance to the men of the late Palaeolithic Age, as they had beeii 

 to earlier man and to his animal ancestors. In other words, a persistent 

 ancient feature frequently exercised a marked influence on a new growth. 

 In several cases the two sides of the skull-roof were pulled down, or the 

 median line was ridged up, and this is found frequently associated with 

 a deep temporal hollow, and markedly outstanding brow-ridges remain 

 as a natural consequence. These are not new features but, rather, per- 

 sistent old ones. In other cases the front part of the roof is less gabled, 



1- Deperet, Arcelin, and Mayet. ' Decouvertes d'hommes fossiles d'age aurignacien 

 et le gisemeiit prehistorique de Solutre,' La Nature, 2587 (1923) and 2654 (1926), 



