H.— ANTHROPOLOGY. 191 



this point could be met by more minute speculation as to evolution of 

 types ; they may be a very early variant. It is also proper to add that 

 in N.W. India there are large numbers of men with very high heads of 

 very low index, and that area is neither peripheral nor a region of difficulty. 

 This problem needs to be thought out in its prehistoric setting, but I do 

 not think it, as yet, invalidates the view here sketched out. 



It is still far too early to build on the suggestion, but one may use as 

 a preliminary sketch the idea of the evolution of very long-headed early 

 modern men somewhere on the great plains from Cap Verde to Persia, and 

 of their spread to the great plains north of the Euxine, as well as to 

 S.W. Europe. If, at the same time, one thinks of types with less 

 lengthened heads, for example in the highlands of Asia Minor and on the 

 southern flank of the Cap Verde-Persia area, one has a picture which will 

 be of use till a better can be made. That the early home of modern man 

 was a broad zone, with local differences in types of people, can hardly be 

 doubted. 



Before proceeding to a rapid survey of some living groups of mankind 

 w^e must note a few more features of early modern man, features in which 

 he seems to contrast with his predecessors. 



Ceremonial burials became frequent, and in a few cases group-burials 

 also indicate increased group-life, and artistic expression found special 

 development in the carving of statuettes, emphasising especially the fact 

 of maternity. There is also clear indication of liberation of initiative 

 within the group, in that implements took on more varied forms for various 

 purposes and in various localities ; and, in handling quantities of them, 

 one cannot but feel that men were more accustomed than heretofore 

 to throwing away an old implement and taking a new one. There can 

 be little doubt that with the growth of social life went an increase of 

 parental interests, with the probable accompaniment of prolongation of 

 infancy, and, very probably with this, of prolongation of the whole life 

 cycle. Increased possibilities of education would seem to have been 

 opened up, and would in their turn not only help to lengthen the adolescent 

 phase, but could also contribute to the refinement of the hand and the 

 completion of acquisition of the erect posture. 



V. — Some Possible Survivors of Early Types of Modern Man— 

 the Pigmies and Others. 



Had we the whole pageant of evolution before us we should expect to 

 find that early stages of the evolutionary changes noticed above survived 

 here and there, especially in out-of-the-way places or unfavourable situa- 

 tions. We should expect to notice amongst them degenerative as well as 

 primitive features, and probably evidences of infantilism. Near the base 

 of the vertebrate genealogical tree cluster such forms as Amphioxus, 

 Appendicularia, Tunicates, &c., each with a medley of primitive, 

 degenerative, and infantile features. Similarly near the base of the 

 Molluscan genealogical tree occur Chsetoderma, Neomenia, and Chiton. 



Looking at certain groups of living men with these analogies in mind, 

 and thinking of their present distribution in relation to the supposed 

 home of the earliest men of modern type, we are led to interpret some 



