194 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 



skull difiers from those of Predmost and Combe Capelle ; its height is 

 much less than its breadth. 



Thus it is seen that from Africa (south of the Sahara) we can match, 

 mutatis mutandis, the known early Aurignacian types of Europe, allowing 

 that the best matching of the Grimaldi type on the whole would be with 

 some of the true negroid types to be mentioned next. Among the negroids 

 we find a general indication of long-headedness as a basic character ; 

 high-headedness is also widespread, and both features are sometimes 

 developed to extremes. The close-spiral hair arising from curved roots 

 near the surface of the skin, the great development of blood-vessels in 

 the skin, the poverty of body-hair and the utilisation of the sebaceous 

 secretion for keeping the skin surface supple and alive, so that non-con- 

 ducting layers do not accumulate much, the variable but dark colouring, 

 the flat broad nose (in many but not all cases), the thick everted lips are 

 all well-known characters. Some are presumed here to be inheritances 

 from early types of modern man, retained in some cases because infantilism 

 seems to be apt to occur ; in others, such as that of the broad flat nose, 

 because the features are of value to promote cooling. Others may be 

 specialisations, including perhaps the close-spiral hair, the great develop- 

 ment of skin blood-vessels, the everted lips, the thin supple epidermis 

 without many dry dead layers, all of which would promote cooling. The 

 Bushman ^* in the desert has a fair thickness of dry skin, and has not the 

 great development of skin blood-vessels seen in some other African types. 



It is interesting to note the general dark colouring of the presumed 

 survivors of early man in the southerly lands of the Old World, with the 

 exception of the African forest pigmies and the Bushmen. It may be 

 that the pigment formerly supplying the hairs remained in the skin as 

 the hair diminished in quantity, especially in view of the fact that a 

 certain amount of pigment is a valuable protection against the too great 

 influence of the shorter visible (blue end of spectrum) rays of the sun.'" 

 The ultra-violet rays are mostly filtered out by the horny layers of the 

 epidermis. One should remember that deposited pigment is probably 

 also waste matter laid aside where it can do but little harm, and that 

 pigment of the surface above blood-vessels is a widespread feature in 

 Vertebrates, Arthropods, Molluscs, &c. It was obviously especially 

 types with broad flat noses, prominent mouths, and feeble brow-ridges 

 and spirally curved hair that spread southwards in Africa, but a brow- 

 ridged type also went that same way. 



Vn. — South-eastward Drifts of Early Types of Modern Man, as 

 Represented in Present-day Populations. 



The supposed southward drift into Africa south of the Sahara was a 

 drift affecting chiefly the people of the southerly belt of the zone early 

 modern man is held to have occupied. What may be called the south- 

 easterly drift would be a drift of somewhat different character, a drift 

 from the eastern end of the zone and a drift thus affecting not only the 

 people of the southerly belt but also those of the belt farther north. Thus 



1'' Fritsch, G., op. cit. 



13 Hill, L. ' The Science of Ventilation ' {vide supra), pt. 1, pp. 122-3, 1919. 



