196 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 



feature in Kurgan burials in S. Russia. Sometimes, as in N. Africa and 

 in Wales and France, at" least, the people concerned suggest likeness to 

 the Grimaldi type. In other cases the resemblance is rather to the 

 Moravian group or the Combe Capelle skull. 



Rodd^^ has claimed that the Libyans include people who show the 

 features of the Cro Magnon tjrpe. Telesforo de Aranzadi^'" makes similar 

 claims for Biscayan Spain, and Collignon made them also for the 

 Dordogne.^^ The survival of the Cro Magnon type is perhaps hardly 

 established, but it seems probable. 



We may thus form the idea that a basic element in the population of 

 the European quadrant is a very old mixture of early types of modern 

 man, with subsequent inter-breeding and modifications. In addition to 

 this basic element there are immigrants of other types from outside. 



V/hen the ice sheets were retreating finally the way northward between 

 the Elburz Mountains and the Hindu Kush was probably beginning to be 

 opened up, though doubtless the ice sheets on the Pamirs and adjacent 

 ranges were still mighty, and the highland plateau of Mongolia, and 

 much more the mountains of Thibet, were certainly still almost un- 

 inhabitable. Doubtless, therefore, men spreading in this direction were 

 from the first possessed of characteristics protecting them from bitter 

 cold. 



Men with very long, high heads who appear to bo linked at least distantly 

 with the early types mentioned in a previous section have reached America 

 by north-eastward drift, at first avoiding the great highland mass of 

 Central Asia. 



Some living near or on the ice sheet would seem in the end, probably 

 long after this period, to have reached the Arctic tundra, and to have 

 suited their mode of life to its environment. It is as survivors of such 

 people that I interpret the Greenland and Baffin's Land Eskimo, without 

 in any way suggesting that they go back to high antiquity in these 

 particular regions. Others reached the American pine forest, and long- 

 headed, high-headed types are known from skulls in the eastern States of 

 North America. Others are scattered here and there in North America, 

 in the extremity of the peninsula of Lower California, for example, also 

 in a few spots in Mexico. In South America" there are both skulls of some 

 antiquity and living people with these head characters on the plateau of 

 Central and East Brazil, and old skulls in Colombia as well, while analogous 

 features existed among some peoples of the extreme south. Hrdlicka 

 has advanced arguments for racial resemblances throughout the ancient 

 native population of America, and we would look upon these extreme 

 long-heads as the first and most peripheral wave of a series generally 

 becoming broader-headed with each succeeding wave. 



The Ainu of N. Japan and Sakhalin and some ancient crania from 

 Japan seem another wave of early types surviving in what is in a sense 



21 Rodd, F. ' The Origin of the Tuareg,' Qeogr. Joiirn., 1926. 



22 de Aranzadi, in a letter to Dr. Haddon, 1918. 



23 Mem. Soc. Anthr. Paris, t. 1, No. 3, 1894 (Dordogne). 



24 Rivet, P., ' La Race de Lagoa Santa,' Bull. Mem. Soc. Anthr., 1909. Hrdlicka. 

 A., ' Early Man in South America,' Amer. Bureau Ethnol., lii., 1912 ; ' Origin and 

 Antiquity of the American Indian,' 1925. Vemeau, R., ' Crdnes d'Indiens de la 

 Colombie,' U Anthr., xxxiv., 1924. 



