H.— ANTHROPOLOGY. 199 



production, and the art of the pottery all contributed to home-making, to 

 the provision of soft food for infants and to the enhancement of parental 

 opportunities. Thus began the development of our agricultural civilisa- 

 tion of W. and N.W. Europe with its more and more settled life and its 

 improving equipment. It is in relation to these changes that one may- 

 picture the continuation of a progressive diminution of the jaws and the 

 brow-ridges, but one must remember the long persistence of ancient 

 characters in the north-west, where they are foimd frequently enough 

 among the skeletons from graves of the period of transition from stone to 

 metal. Menghin is inclined to think that there was a direct inheritance 

 from the old loess hunters of Hungary and Moravia to the later agricultural 

 peasantry of that region. 



X. — Brachycephalic Types. 



We have seen that the Palaeolithic flesh-hunters without pots or pans 

 must often have pulled at flesh- food half raw with their jaws, and their 

 temporal muscles had to remain strong and firm, giving a head growth 

 towards the long and high form. But among the mountains and forested 

 valleys there may well have remained people among whom the lengthening 

 of the skull may have been less marked (c/. Sect. IV), peoples for 

 whom roots and seeds and berries were more important, and who, as 

 Prof. Thomson and Mr. Buxton would put it, used their chewing (masseter) 

 muscles far more. 



Among such people the general human tendency to reduction of brow- 

 ridges would find freer scope, and the general head-growth could express 

 itself more freely by increase of both diameters. I am thus inclined 

 to venture the hypothesis that broad-headedness is not so much an 

 evolution from long-headedness as a separate evolution from a medium- 

 broad condition of very early modern man as already suggested (Sect. IV). 

 A further hypothesis is that this line of evolution, i.e. increase of space 

 for the fore-brain without much relative lengthening, even possibly with 

 relative broadening, occurred somewhere in the mountain zone of the Old 

 "World, and most probably in Asia Minor or the W. Persian area or near 

 by. Why is this region suggested ? 



Among the highlands of S.W. Asia, Anatolia and Armenia have long 

 been the home of one of the most remarkable developments of broad- 

 headedness, with specialisations not shared to any extent by the Carpatho- 

 Alpine or by the Irano-Pamirian broad-heads. The two groups are like 

 one another in several ways, and it may be suggested that they are survivals 

 of a stage of the development of broad-headed types which has been passed 

 and left behind by the people of the Tauro- Armenian region. If this be 

 so, on the principle of wave-spreads from an evolutionary centre which 

 Clark Wissler'" has so well expounded for cultural anthropology, one may 

 risk the suggestion that the broad-headed type of modern man had his 

 first home not far from Asia Minor. 



So far, the only suggestion about physical character of these people 

 has been that, among men using the masseter muscles to a greater extent 



27 Wissler, Clark. ' Man and Culture,' 1923 ; ' The Relation of Man to Environ- 

 ment in Aboriginal America,' 1925. 



