H.— ANTHROPOLOGY. 201 



often large in broad-headed men.'"' In the broad-headed people of Asia 

 Minor this largeness is emphasised in unique fashion. They have grown 

 forwards and give the remarkable Hittite noses of the ancient reliefs and 

 of the modern population. This suggests the accentuation of the median 

 plane in more or less frontal growth, and this tendency is carried to an 

 extreme in some peoples of Asia Minor and the Illyrian region with very 

 high, small-crowned heads as well as very strong noses. 



On the other hand, among the later spreads of broad-headed man to 

 the high plateau of the Tarim, Mongolia and Tibet, we find a flattening in 

 and deepening of the malar, giving extra strength and directness to the 

 masseter muscles ; and with this the nasal bones are naturally inclined 

 to remain flat, so the space for the nasal chambers lies well in towards 

 the brain instead of projecting far forwards. This gives an increased 

 tendency to frontal breadth of the skull, resulting in the well-known 

 rounded-head form characteristic of some peoples of this region. 

 Here it should be noticed, first, that many people, especially towards the 

 north side of the plateaux of Central Asia, do not show this flattening, 

 but rather have prominent noses ; they may well be drifts from the 

 Pamirs or Anatolia. The broad heads of the high plateaux are generally 

 brown or yellow-brown in skin colour ; this is to be correlated first with 

 the retention of an ancestral brown tinge by people who remain exposed 

 to marked glare of sun and snow, and second with the thickening of 

 the dry superficial layers of the skin and the sinking of the blood-vessels 

 into the deeper layers of the dermis, both protective devices in a region 

 where the cold anti-cyclone of winter is so highly developed. Those who 

 are interested in correlations with activities of endocrine glands will note 

 that dryness of skin and flatness of face (' Mongolism ') have been said to 

 be associated in the West with unusual lowness of pituitary secretion. 

 Excess of pituitary, on the other hand, produces acromegaly, including 

 over-development of the mouth, brow-ridges, &c., and it can be corrected 

 to a remarkable extent by giving doses of thyroid extract. Our know- 

 ledge of the endocrines is still in its infancy, but it seems likely that the 

 proper balance of these secretions is one prime need for normal growth, 

 and that balance seems to be somewhat different in different regions. It 

 would seem, at the moment, that the influence of pituitary relatively to 

 thyroid is greater in tropical Africa than it is in inner Asia, i.e. in a warm, 

 rather moist, than in a cold, dry climate. 



To sum up as regards broad-headed men, I think the type originated 

 somewhere in the S.W. Asiatic mountain-country and that broad- 

 headedness spread both north-westward as the moimtain regions of Europe 

 cleared themselves of glaciers, and north-eastward as Turkestan, &c., 

 became more habitable. On the one hand, I think that the development 

 of broad-headedness, with accentuation of the median plane, has gone 

 much farther in Illyria and Anatolia than among the broad-headed people 

 who have spread, whether to the Alpo-Carpathian region on the north- 

 west or to Turkestan, the Pamirs, and Gobi on the north-east. On the 

 other hand, I think that some of the broad-heads entering the region of 



2« Thomson, A., Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst., xxxiii., 1903 ; also Proc. XVII Internal. 

 Med. Congress, 1913. Thomson, A., and Buxton, L. H. D., ' Man's Nasal Index,' 

 Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst., 1923. 



