204 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES. 



of early immigrants, who had not as yet fully specialised in either the 

 Nordic or the Mediterranean direction. It should be noted that this 

 view in no way denies or controverts the idea of the distinctiveness of 

 Nordic and Mediterranean races, as has been suggested by one or two 

 critics. 



In both the Mediterranean and the Nordic area, and in the British 

 too, it is thus suggested that, as the compulsion exercised in early times 

 by the temporal muscles diminished, the skull became freer to grow in 

 breadth as well as in length. In the far west and north-west food produc- 

 tion came late, when, presumably, fairly inbred types had been consoli- 

 dating and fixing their characters for some time, or, one might also say, 

 had been approaching a regional balance of development. Fair hair seems 

 specially characteristic of some Baltic lands, and an analysis of Bryn's ^ 

 catalogues of measurements for parts of Norway leads me to think that 

 this character penetrated across Scandinavia to the Trondhjem fjord. 

 His results show that more dark hair persists in Norway than has at times 

 been supposed ; and the fair-haired types are not by any means always 

 very long-headed. 



Turning now to the Indian side of the region of early modern man, it 

 would be of the greatest interest could we reconstruct Pleistocene con- 

 ditions in India. Was the heating of the Deccan then sufficient to give 

 rise to the summer monsoon, and, if so, was it strong enough to create a 

 continuous barometric gradient from the equator to the Deccan ? If 

 so, again, did the trade winds of the southern hemisphere sweep in and 

 dominate the situation as they now seem to do ? If so, finally, did the 

 great swirl they set up work in the Indo-Gangetic trough, or rather to the 

 west, as now ? All these are questions I shall not venture to answer. 

 Provisionally one may note that we have already spoken of survivors of 

 early types of modern man in S. India, Ceylon, Malaysia, Australia, 

 Tasmania, Philippines, Papua, some of them survivors of very early stages 

 indeed. Without venturing any distance into the Indian race question, 

 one may say that, broadly, the noses become more prominent as we go from 

 the south to the north-west, and general profile development and growth 

 along the sagittal plane is best marked among the north-western peoples, 

 who spread, one might even say migrated, into India, according to most 

 accounts, in the early part of the second millennium B.C., with the horse 

 as a feature of their equipment. These are people among whom there 

 was obviously, ere they moved far, a great liberation of initiative and a 

 great call for energy. There are analogous spreads into Mesopotamia, 

 even probably towards Europe at that time, all with the horse, and in 

 later phases with the bronze sword, and all apparently of long-headed types 

 with strong profiles. So the broad-headedness of the modern lowlands of 

 Western Central Asia may well be in the main a fairly recent feature, and 

 may be a spread of that character from the adjacent highlands analogous 

 to a similar spread which appears to have been going on during the last 

 millennium in Central Europe. 



The extension of our Indian long-heads of various grades of profile 



29 Bryn, H. ' Tr(J)ndelagens Antropologi,' K. Norske V. S. Skr. 1917, No. 2 

 (1920); 'M<pTe Fylkes Antropologi,' Vidensk. Skr., 1920; ' Troms Fylkes Antro- 

 pologi,' Vidensk. Skr., 1921. 



