SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— E. 371 



and with outlying suburbs considerably over, 60,000 inhabitants — a population which, 

 outside London and south of a line joining the Bristol Channel and the Wash, is con- 

 siderably surpassed by that of only nine other towns. 



2. Sir George Fordham. — Roads on English and French Maps at the 



end of the Seventeenth Century. 



This paper is presented as a comparative study of two large maps, showing particu- 

 larly the roads of France and of England and Wales respectively, dated nearly con- 

 temporaneously towards the end of the seventeenth century, and drawn upon nearly 

 the same scale. 



The map of France is in manuscript, has, apparently, never been engraved, and 

 is at present in the library of the Ministry of War in Paris. It measures 8 ft. 4i in. 

 in width by 7 ft. 3 in. in height, is dra-ivn in bright colours, and is entitled ' Carte 

 des Orandes Routes de Garrois du Royaume de France cottees suivant les distances 

 ithiiraircs envoyies par Messieurs les Intendants.'' The royal roads are specially 

 distinguished, with the distances between towns. It bears neither date nor name of 

 author, but it seems safe to attribute it to the last quarter of the seventeenth century, 

 and probably to a period between 1691 and 1696. The vessels dra%vn on the sea ia 

 this map indicate the same epoch, which also the general appearance and technique 

 in drawing and detail would justify. 



The second map, that of England and Wales, is engraved, and has a much more 

 complicated history than that of the French map. It is in twenty sheets, and measures 

 in the whole 5 ft. 7f in. in width by 4 ft. 5J in. in height. The original plates were 

 published by Christopher Saxton, the first English cartographer, about the year 1584, 

 or possibly a little later. The map is specifically referred to by Ortelius in his list 

 of map-producers in the edition of his Theatrum of 1592, while it was not mentioned 

 in the earlier list of 1584. It lay dormant for a century, apparently, until Philip Lea 

 undertook the republication of all Saxton's county maps of 1574 to 1579 and of this 

 general map also. The latter Lea largely altered in the ornamental marginal details — • 

 title, dedication, &c. &c. — and, after erasing most of the Elizabethan ships with which 

 Saxton had decorated the seas, engraved in their place a series of vessels of his own 

 period. He specially added the roads over the whole land-surface after the surveys 

 of John Ogilby, which had been published in 1675. The title of this map as drawn by 

 Saxton is not known, though traces of it can be discerned underlying Lea's elaborate 

 design. This includes the new title, running : ' The Travellers Guide being the best 

 Mapp of the Kingdom of England and Principalaty (sic) of Wales. Wherein are 

 Delineated 3000 To\\tis and Villages more than in any Mapp yet Extent, besides ye 

 Notations of Bridges and Rivers, &c. To which is added ye Direct and cross Roads 

 according to Mr. Ogilby's late Survey, Described by C: Saxton. And now carefully 

 Corrected with new Additions By Philip Lea,' Above the coat of the Royal Arms 

 the initials of James II (' J.R.') justify the assumption that this map was republished 

 by Lea during the brief reign of that monarch (1685-1688), and it probably appeared 

 towards the end rather than earlier. The author, besides discussing these two maps 

 — the earliest of any large size on which roads are laid down — and their characteristics, 

 gives a slight historical sketch of the introduction of roads on maps from tlie beginning 

 of the sixteenth, and particularly during the seventeenth, century, and refers to such 

 maps as exist for that period in France and England and to the general history of the 

 subject. 



3. Presidential Address by the Hon. W. Ormsby Gore, M.P., on 



The Economic Development of Africa and its Effect on the Native 

 Population. (See p. US.) 



4. Joint Discussion with Section H on The Effect on African Native 



Races of Contact with European Civilisation. 



Speakers : Rev. Edwin Smith, Sir F. Lugard, Capt. G. Pitt- 

 Rivers, Prof. J. W. Gregory, F.R.S., Hon. Hugh Wyndham. 



B B 2 



