374 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— E. 



trade. Her domestic politics are therefore dangerous. Jamaica is small and back- 

 ward ; she lacks industrial leadership ; but prosperity could be increased by reform 

 in education along psychological lines and the reorganisation of certain industries 

 on the basis of expert economic investigation. 



Included in the paper were graphs, tables, photographs and maps. 



10. Mr. Michael C. Andrews. — The British Isles in the Nautical Charts 



of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. 



Although the southern coasts of England appear in the earliest known nautical 

 chart, the mapping of the British Islands by the navigators of southern Europe was 

 of later date than that of the Mediterranean Basin. While, owing to a lack of 

 material, the origin and development of the Portolan Chart is still the subject of 

 divergent theories, the evolution of this group can be traced, from its earliest rudi- 

 mentary form, through several stages of expansion, in the work of the Italian and 

 Catalan cartographers. 



A comparative examination and classification of over one hundred examples, 

 dating from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, demonstrate that the representation 

 of the British Islands, during this period, may be assigned to four main types, each 

 of which may be further subdivided into several varieties. It is therefore possible 

 to gain an adequate and not inaccurate general view of the work of two centuries 

 from the inspection of a limited number of typical examples. 



Type I. Genoese.— (a) Early form, 1313-1321 ; (6) later form, 1327. 



Type II. Venetian.— (a) Early form, 1373-1421 ; (b) later form, 1408-1446. 



Type III. Catalan.— (a) Prototype, 1325-1339 : (6) early form, 1375-1413 ; 

 (c) revised form, 1426-1468 : (d) standardised form, 1461-1584. 



Type IV. Late Fifteenth Century (origin uncertain), 1462-1534. 



11. Dr. E. C. Murphy. — Marine Distributions on the West Coast of South 



America. 



12. Mr. H. 0. Beckit. — The Report of the Advisory Committee on the making 



of a Population Map of the British Isles. 



Afternoon. 

 ' Excursion to the Central Chilterns. 



Tuesday, August 10. 



13. Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter. — Travels among the Headwaters of the 



Nile {Uganda Lakes). 



14. Prof. H. L. Hawkins. — The Goring Gap — an Introduction to some of 



the Physiographical Problems of the Thames Valley between Oxford- 

 and Reading. 



15. Prof. L. W. Lyde. — Canada and the World Wheat Market. 



16. Miss 6. H. Savory.— T^e North-West Massif of France. 



The object of this paper is to demonstrate a method of subdividing such easily 

 recognised geographical regions as the simple unit of the N.W. Massif of France. 



While this region has definite unifying characteristics, both geological and geo- 

 graphical, its subdivision under the two headings is markedly different. 



The dominant geographical control is the degree of faciUty in movement and 

 transport. This control, though always important, has changed in relative importance.. 



The region, long a self-supporting one of backward development and restricted! 

 prosperity, has become a producing area of specialised high-priced perishables. 



Hence a subdivision may be made in which ten zones are distinguished, th& 

 characteristics of each being determined by reference to means of communicationi 

 with markets and sources of supply. 



