•402 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— J. 



(1) Fear of rate-cutting : Instances are on record where employers have reduced 

 rates in order to keep the workers down to a certain minimum. 



(2) Fear of unemployment, or, increased short-time. The workers may spread 

 the work out (if it is limited in amount) so that the time-rate workers shall 

 have the benefit of longer hours and more pay. 



Other reasons are : The fear of discharge of loss competent workers. 

 General dissatisfaction with present conditions. 

 Influence of the foreman. 

 Satisfaction with present earnings. 



These general conditions and the system of wages vary enormously according to the 

 efficiency of the management, but where the ' mental atmosphere ' of the factory is 

 good, restriction of output will ver}' rarely be found. 



Monday, August 9. 



14. Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, F.K.S. — Individual and Person. 



Something will here be said in support of the suggestion, elsewhere made but 

 nowise new, that a point of viow is permissible from which personality and 

 individuality may be regarded as limiting concepts that are poles asunder. Each of 

 us in concrete being swings somewhere between these limiting extremes. 



Since each of us is both individual and personal, the two words may often be used, 

 interchangeably in current speech, as convenient literary synonyms. None the less 

 there still lingers some touch of the original dramatic usage of the word ' person ' — 

 and that not only in such derivations as ' impersonate ' and ' personify.' The stage 

 helped not a little to socialise a concept which implied a communal voice that spoke 

 through the mask of the individual actor and served to evoke a communal response. 

 It is this social and communal factor that may be emphasised by rendering more 

 explicit in technical usage the distinction between individual and person. In the 

 sense intended, alike in expression and in the impression conveyed, alike in the manner 

 of outlook and in that to which this outlook has reference, individuality is unique, 

 personality is, in increasing measure, comprehensive. 



Whereas, then, under this distinction, individuality is unshareable, personality is 

 what we share with others, within some type, under inter-subjective intercourse. 

 Whereas qua individual the self is ' perfectly impervious to other selves ' (Pringle- 

 Pattison), qua person the self is communal, sharing the outlook and voicing the 

 judgment of others. Whereas individuality sets the limit of uniqueness, personality 

 approaches the limit of all-embracing comprehensiveness. 



15. Prof. E. RiGNANO. — La Psychologie dans ses Rapports avec la Philo- 



sophie et avec la Science. 



16. Mr. F. C. Bartlett. — The Social Psychology of Leadership. 



17. Joint Discussion with Sections D and H on Heredity in its 



Physical and Mental Aspects. (See pp. 366, 390.) 



Tuesday, August 10. 



18. Prof. W. McDouGALL, F.R.S.— 4n Experiment supporting the 



Lamarckian Hypothesis. 



19. Dr. W. Brown. — Personality and Value. 



Any theory of personality is faced with a special problem in determining the 

 position of values — goodness, truth, beauty — and of religion within the circle of 

 individual experience. The present paper deals with such aspects of this problem as 

 the relation of normal and pathological, the time-factor in the appreciation of value. 



